adágathar

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Old Irish

Alternative forms

Etymology

From ad- + Proto-Celtic *āgītor, originally a perfect-only verb *āgetor (to have become afraid) and later adapted to the weak conjugation (class A II). From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₂ógʰe (to be upset, afraid), from *h₂egʰ-. Compare Gothic 𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (agis), 𐍉𐌲𐌰𐌽 (ōgan); Old English eġe; Ancient Greek ἄχος (ákhos, pain, grief), ἄχνυμαι (ákhnumai, I grieve).

Forms with unpalatalized -ág- throughout the paradigm are regular, despite this verb being an A II verb. This is because the vowel á in the stem regularly suppressed word-internal non-syncope palatalization of a following consonant. The fact that this is an i-stem (A II) verb is revealed by the palatalization in the s-preterite forms. Forms with -áig- in the present indicative were palatalized analogically.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /aðˈaːɣaθar/, /aðˈaːɣaðar/

Verb

ad·ágathar (prototonic ·ágathar, verbal noun áigthiu or áigsiu)

  1. to fear, to dread, to stand in awe of

Conjugation

Complex, class A II present, s preterite, f future, a and s subjunctive, deponent
active passive
singular plural singular plural
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
present indicative deut. ad·águr ad·ágathar, ad·ágadar, ad·áigethar ad·ágammar ad·áigetar ad·áigther
prot. ·águr, ·ágor ·ágathar, ·áigethar, ·ágether ·ágammar ·ágetar, ·áigetar ·áigther ·áigter
imperfect indicative deut. ad·ágain, ad·ágainn
prot. ·ágainn ·áigtis
preterite deut. ad·ágastar, ad·áigestar, ad·áig ad·áigsem
prot. ·ágastar, ·áigestar, ·áig ·áigset, ·áigsetar
perfect deut. ad·ráigestar ad·ráigsemmar ad·ráigset, ad·ráigsetar, ad·ráichsetar
prot. ·ráigestar ·ráigsemmar ·ráigset, ·ráigsetar
future deut. ad·áichfer ad·áichfethar, ad·áichfedar
prot. ·áichfer ·áichfethar ·áichfetar
conditional deut.
prot. ·áichfimis
present subjunctive deut. ad·áigther
prot. ·áigther, ·áigder, ·áigither; ·ágais ·ágathar ·áigset
past subjunctive deut. ad·ágainn
prot. ·ágainn; ·áigsinn, ·ágsainn ·ágsad ·áigthe
imperative áigthe, áig ágam, ágamar ágatar
verbal noun áigthiu, áigsiu
past participle
verbal of necessity

Mutation

Mutation of adágathar
radical lenition nasalization
ad·ágathar
(pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)
unchanged ad·n-ágathar

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

  1. ^ Schumacher, Stefan, Schulze-Thulin, Britta (2004) “*āg-/*āg-”, in Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft; 110) (in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, →ISBN, page 206

Further reading