Appendix:Gaulish Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Gaulish, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. not made by wiki might or not be accurate

List

No. English Gaulish
?
1 I mi
2 you (singular) tu
3 he, she, it so?
4 we sni
5 you (plural) suis
6 they
7 this
8 that
9 here
10 there
11 who
12 what
13 where
14 when
15 how
16 not
17 all
18 many
19 some
20 few
21 other
22 one
23 two
24 three
25 four
26 five
27 big
28 long
29 wide
30 thick
31 heavy
32 small
33 short
34 narrow
35 thin
36 woman
37 man (adult male)
38 man (human being)
39 child
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother
43 father
44 animal
45 fish
46 bird
47 dog
48 louse
49 snake
50 worm
51 tree
52 forest
53 stick
54 fruit
55 seed
56 leaf
57 root
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower
60 grass
61 rope
62 skin
63 meat
64 blood
65 bone
66 fat (noun)
67 egg
68 horn
69 tail
70 feather
71 hair
72 head
73 ear
74 eye
75 nose
76 mouth
77 tooth
78 tongue (organ)
79 fingernail
80 foot
81 leg
82 knee
83 hand
84 wing
85 belly
86 guts
87 neck
88 back
89 breast
90 heart
91 liver
92 to drink
93 to eat
94 to bite
95 to suck
96 to spit
97 to vomit
98 to blow
99 to breathe
100 to laugh
101 to see
102 to hear
103 to know tha fios aig
104 to think smaoinich
105 to smell feuch fàileadh
106 to fear gabh eagal
107 to sleep caidil
108 to live bi beò
109 to die bàsaich
110 to kill marbh
111 to fight sabaid
112 to hunt sealg
113 to hit buail
114 to cut geàrr
115 to split sgoilt
116 to stab sàth
117 to scratch sgròb
118 to dig cladhaich
119 to swim snàmh
120 to fly itealaich
121 to walk coisich
122 to come thig
123 to lie (as in a bed) laigh (state)
124 to sit suidh (state)
125 to stand seas (state)
126 to turn (intransitive) tionndaidh
127 to fall tuit
128 to give thoir
129 to hold cùm
130 to squeeze teannaich
131 to rub suath
132 to wash nigh
133 to wipe suath
134 to pull tarraing
135 to push brùth
136 to throw tilg
137 to tie ceangail
138 to sew fuaigh
139 to count cùnnt
140 to say abair, can
141 to sing seinn
142 to play cluich
143 to float bi a' fleòdradh
144 to flow ruith
145 to freeze reòdh
146 to swell at
147 sun grian
148 moon gealach
149 star rionnag
150 water uisge, bùrn
151 rain uisge
152 river abhainn
153 lake loch
154 sea muir, cuan, fairge
155 salt salann
156 stone clach
157 sand gainmheach
158 dust stùr, duslach
159 earth talamh
160 cloud sgòth, neul
161 fog ceò
162 sky adhar, speuran
163 wind gaoth
164 snow sneachd
165 ice deigh, eighre
166 smoke ceò, toit
167 fire teine
168 ash luath
169 to burn loisg
170 road rathad
171 mountain beinn
172 red ruadh, dearg
173 green glas, uaine
174 yellow buidhe
175 white geal
176 black dubh
177 night oidhche
178 day là
179 year bliadhna
180 warm blàth
181 cold fuar
182 full làn
183 new ùr, nuadh
184 old sean
185 good math
186 bad dona, olc
187 rotten grod, loibhte
188 dirty salach
189 straight dìreach
190 round cruinn
191 sharp (as a knife) geur
192 dull (as a knife) maol
193 smooth mìn
194 wet fliuch
195 dry tioram
196 correct ceart
197 near faisg
198 far fada
199 right deas
200 left clì
201 at aig
202 in ann
203 with còmhla ri, le
204 and agus
205 if ma, nan/nam
206 because oir
207 name ainm

See also


Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia