Appendix:Ligurian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Ligurian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishLigurian
ligure
edit (207)
1I (1sg)mi
2you (2sg)ti
3he, she, it (3sg)
4we (1pl)noî, niâtri
5you (2pl)voî, viâtri
6they (3pl), liâtri
7thisquésto, sto
8thatquéllo
9herechi
10therela
11whochi
12whatcöse, cösa
13wheredôve
14whenquànde
15howcómme
16notno
17alltùtto
18manytànto
19somequàrche
20fewpöco
21otherâtro
22oneun
23twodoî (masculine), dôe (feminine)
24threetréi (masculine), træ (feminine)
25fourquàttro
26fiveçìnque
27biggrànde
28longlóngo
29widelàrgo
30thickdrûo
31heavypezànte
32smallpicìn
33shortcùrto
34narrowstréito
35thinsotî
36womandònna
37man (adult male)òmmo
38man (human being)persónn-a
39childfigeu
40wifemogê
41husbandmàio, marîo
42mothermoæ
43fatherpoæ
44animalanimâ
45fishpéscio
46birdöxéllo
47dogcàn
48lousepighéuggio
49snakeserpénte
50wormverme
51treeèrbo
52forestbosco
53stickbacco
54fruitfrûta
55seedarmella
56leafféuggia
57rootréixe
58bark (of a tree)scorsa
59flowersciô
60grasserba
61ropecorda
62skinpelle
63meatcarne
64bloodsàngoe
65boneosso
66fat (noun)grascia
67eggêuvo
68horncorno
69tailcôa
70featherpenna
71haircavello
72headtesta
73earoêgia
74eyeéuggio
75nosenâzo
76mouthbocca
77toothdente
78tongue (organ)léngoa
79fingernailongia
80foot
81legganba
82kneezenoggio
83handman
84wingâa
85bellypansa
86gutsintestin
87neckcollo
88backschénn-a
89breastpêto
90heartcheu
91liverfigæto
92to drinkbéive
93to eatmangiâ
94to biteadentâ
95to sucksusâ
96to spitspuâ
97to vomitvomitâ
98to blowsciusciâ
99to breatherespiâ
100to laughrîe
101to seevédde
102to hearsentî
103to knowsavéi
104to thinkpensâ
105to smellödoâ
106to feartémme
107to sleepdormî
108to livevîve
109to diemoî
110to killamasâ
111to fightconbatte
112to huntcacciâ
113to hitbatte
114to cuttagiâ
115to splitdividde
116to stabcotelâ
117to scratchgratâ
118to digscavâ
119to swimnuâ
120to flyxoâ
121to walkcaminâ
122to comevegnî
123to lie (as in a bed)destendise
124to sitasetâse
125to standstâ in piêi
126to turn (intransitive)gjâ
127to fallcàzze
128to give
129to holdtegnî
130to squeezespremme
131to rubfretâ
132to washlavâ
133to wipesciugâ
134to pulltiâ
135to pushspinze
136to throwtiâ
137to tieligâ
138to sewcuxî
139to countcontâ
140to say
141to singcantâ
142to playzugâ
143to floatgalezâ
144to flowscorre
145to freezezeâ
146to swellgonfiâ
147sun
148moonlùnn-a
149starstélla
150waterægoa
151rainægoa
152riversciùmme
153lakelâgo
154sea
155salt
156stoneprîa
157sandænn-a
158dustpûa
159earthtæra
160cloudnûvia
161fognêgia
162skyçê
163windvento
164snownéive
165icegiassa
166smokefumme
167firefêugo
168ashçeine
169to burnbrüxâ
170roadstradda
171mountainmontagna
172redrosso
173greenverde
174yellowgiâno
175whitegianco
176blacknéigro
177nightnéutte
178daygiorno
179yearanno
180warmcâdo
181coldfréido
182fullpìn
183newnêuvo, nêuo
184oldvêgio
185goodbon
186badcatîvo
187rottenmarso
188dirtysücido
189straightdrîto
190roundrióndo
191sharp (as a knife)afilòu
192dull (as a knife)smusòu
193smoothlìscio
194wetbagnòu
195drysécco
196correctgiùsto
197neararénte, vixìn
198farlontàn
199rightdrîta, dèstra
200leftmancìnn-a, scinìstra
201ata
202inin
203withcon
204ande
205ifse
206becauseperché
207namenómme
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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