Appendix:Tajik Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tajik, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishTajik
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ман (man)
2you (2sg)ту (tu)
3he, she, it (3sg)ӯ (ü), вай (vay)
4we (1pl)мо (mo)
5you (2pl)шумо (šumo)
6they (3pl)онҳо (onho)
7thisин (in)
8thatон (on)
9hereинҷо (injo)
10thereонҷо (onjo)
11whoкӣ (ki)
12whatчӣ (či)
13whereкуҷо (kujo)
14whenкай (kay)
15howчихел (čixel)
16notна (na)
17allҳама (hama)
18manyбисёр (bisyor)
19someягон (yagon)
20fewкам (kam)
21otherдигар (digar)
22oneяк (yak)
23twoду (du)
24threeсе (se)
25fourчор (čor)
26fiveпанҷ (panj)
27bigкалон (kalon)
28longдароз (daroz)
29wideфарох (farox)
30thickғафс (ġafs)
31heavyвазнин (vaznin), сангин (sangin)
32smallхурд (xurd)
33shortкӯтоҳ (kütoh), паст (past)
34narrowтанг (tang)
35thinтунук (tunuk)
36womanзан (zan)
37man (adult male)мард (mard)
38man (human being)инсон (inson), одам (odam)
39childкӯдак (küdak)
40wifeзан (zan)
41husbandшавҳар (šavhar)
42motherмодар (modar)
43fatherпадар (padar)
44animalҷонвар (jonvar)
45fishмоҳӣ (mohi)
46birdпарранда (parranda)
47dogсаг (sag)
48louseшипиш (šipiš)
49snakeмор (mor)
50wormкирм (kirm)
51treeдарахт (daraxt)
52forestбеша (beša)
53stickчӯб (čüb)
54fruitмева (meva)
55seedтухм (tuxm)
56leafбарг (barg)
57rootреша (reša)
58bark (of a tree)пӯсти дарахт (püst-i daraxt)
59flowerгул (gul)
60grassсабза (sabza)
61ropeарғамчин (arġamčin)
62skinпӯст (püst)
63meatгӯшт (güšt)
64bloodхун (xun)
65boneустухон (ustuxon)
66fat (noun)чарб (čarb)
67eggтухм (tuxm)
68hornшох (šox)
69tailдум (dum)
70featherпар (par)
71hairмӯй (müy)
72headсар (sar)
73earгӯш (güš)
74eyeчашм (čašm)
75noseбинӣ (bini)
76mouthдаҳон (dahon)
77toothдандон (dandon)
78tongue (organ)забон (zabon)
79fingernailнохун (noxun)
80footпой (poy)
81legлинг (ling)
82kneeзону (zonu)
83handдаст (dast)
84wingбол (bol)
85bellyшикам (šikam)
86gutsрӯда (rüda)
87neckгардан (gardan)
88backпушт (pušt)
89breastсина (sina)
90heartдил (dil)
91liverҷигар (jigar)
92to drinkнӯшидан (nüšidan)
93to eatхӯрдан (xürdan)
94to biteгазидан (gazidan)
95to suckмакидан (makidan)
96to spitтуф кардан (tuf kardan)
97to vomitқай кардан (qay kardan)
98to blowпуф кардан (puf kardan)
99to breatheнафас кашидан (nafas kašidan)
100to laughхандидан (xandidan)
101to seeдидан (didan)
102to hearшунидан (šunidan)
103to knowдонистан (donistan)
104to thinkандешидан (andešidan)
105to smellбӯй кардан (büy kardan)
106to fearтарсидан (tarsidan)
107to sleepхобидан (xobidan)
108to liveзистан (zistan), зиндагӣ кардан (zindagi kardan)
109to dieмурдан (murdan)
110to killкуштан (kuštan)
111to fightҷангидан (jangidan)
112to huntшикор кардан (šikor kardan)
113to hitзадан (zadan)
114to cutбурридан (burridan)
115to splitшикофтан (šikoftan)
116to stabкорд задан (kord zadan)
117to scratchханҷол кардан (xanjol kardan)
118to digкофтан (koftan)
119to swimшино кардан (šino kardan)
120to flyпаридан (paridan)
121to walkгаштан (gaštan)
122to comeомадан (omadan)
123to lie (as in a bed)дароз кашидан (daroz kašidan)
124to sitнишастан (nišastan), шиштан (šištan)
125to standистодан (istodan)
126to turn (intransitive)чархидан (čarxidan)
127to fallафтодан (aftodan)
128to giveдодан (dodan)
129to holdгирифтан (giriftan)
130to squeezeфишор кардан (fišor kardan)
131to rubмолидан (molidan)
132to washшустан (šustan)
133to wipeпок кардан (pok kardan)
134to pullкашидан (kašidan)
135to pushтела додан (tela dodan)
136to throwпартофтан (partoftan), андохтан (andoxtan)
137to tieбастан (bastan)
138to sewдӯхтан (düxtan)
139to countшумурдан (šumurdan)
140to sayгуфтан (guftan)
141to singсурудан (surudan)
142to playбозӣ кардан (bozi kardan)
143to floatшиновар шудан (šinovar šudan)
144to flowравон шудан (ravon šudan)
145to freezeях кардан (yax kardan)
146to swellомосидан (omosidan)
147sunхуршед (xuršed), офтоб (oftob)
148moonмоҳ (moh)
149starситора (sitora)
150waterоб (ob)
151rainборон (boron)
152riverрӯд (rüd), дарё (daryo)
153lakeкӯл (kül)
154seaбаҳр (bahr), дарё (daryo)
155saltнамак (namak)
156stoneсанг (sang)
157sandрег (reg)
158dustчанг (čang)
159earthзамин (zamin)
160cloudабр (abr)
161fogтуман (tuman)
162skyосмон (osmon)
163windбод (bod)
164snowбарф (barf)
165iceях (yax)
166smokeдуд (dud)
167fireоташ (otaš)
168ashхокистар (xokistar)
169to burnсӯхтан (süxtan)
170roadроҳ (roh)
171mountainкӯҳ (küh)
172redсурх (surx)
173greenсабз (sabz)
174yellowзард (zard)
175whiteсафед (safed)
176blackсиёҳ (siyoh)
177nightшаб (šab)
178dayрӯз (rüz)
179yearсол (sol)
180warmгарм (garm)
181coldхунук (xunuk), сард (sard)
182fullпур (pur)
183newнав (nav)
184oldкӯҳна (kühna) (inanimate), пир (pir) (animate)
185goodнағз (naġz), хуб (xub)
186badбад (bad), ганда (ganda)
187rottenпӯсида (püsida)
188dirtyчиркин (čirkin)
189straightрост (rost)
190roundгирд (gird)
191sharp (as a knife)тез (tez)
192dull (as a knife)кунд (kund)
193smoothсуфта (sufta)
194wetтар (tar)
195dryхушк (xušk)
196correctдуруст (durust)
197nearназдик (nazdik)
198farдур (dur)
199rightрост (rost)
200leftчап (čap)
201atба (ba)
202inдар (dar)
203withбо (bo)
204andу (u)
205ifагар (agar)
206becauseчунки (čunk-i)
207nameном (nom)

See also

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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