This is a Swadesh list of words in Jeju, compared with definitions in English.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
| No. | English | Jeju 제주말 (jejumal) |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 나 (na) | na̠ |
| 2 | you (singular) | 느 (neu) | nɨ |
| 3 | he | 가의 (gaui), 자의 (jaui), 야이 (yai) | ka̠i, t͡ɕa̠i, ja̠i |
| 4 | we | 우리 (uri) | uɾi |
| 5 | you (plural) | 너내 (neonae) | nənæ |
| 6 | they | 가의덜 (gauideol) | ka̠idəɭ |
| 7 | this | 이 (i) | i |
| 8 | that | 그 (geu), 저 (jeo) | kɨ, t͡ɕə |
| 9 | here | 이디 (idi) | idi |
| 10 | there | 그디 (geudi) | kɨdi |
| 11 | who | 누게 (nuge) | nuɡe̞ |
| 12 | what | 무신거 (musin'geo) | muɕʰinɡə |
| 13 | where | 어드 (eodeu) | ədɨ |
| 14 | when | 어느제 (eoneuje) | ənɨd͡ʑe̞ |
| 15 | how | 어떵 (eotteong) | ət͈əŋ |
| 16 | not | 아이 (ai) | a̠i |
| 17 | all | 모돈 (modon) | mo̞do̞n |
| 18 | many | 만ᄒᆞ다 (manhawda), 하다 (hada) | ma̠nɦɒda̠, ha̠da̠ |
| 19 | some | ᄒᆞ꼼 (hawkkom), 조곰 (jogom) | hɒk͈o̞m, t͡ɕo̞ɡo̞m |
| 20 | few | 조곰 (jogom) | t͡ɕo̞ɡo̞m |
| 21 | other | ᄐᆞᆫ난 (tawnnan) | tʰɒnna̠n |
| 22 | one | ᄒᆞ나 (hawna), 호나 (hona) | hɒna̠, ho̞na̠ |
| 23 | two | 두게 (duge) | tuɡe̞ |
| 24 | three | 싯 (sit) | ɕʰit̚ |
| 25 | four | 늿 (nuit) | nit̚ |
| 26 | five | 다ᄉᆞᆺ (dasawt) | ta̠sɒt̚ |
| 27 | big | 크다 (keuda) | kʰɨda̠ |
| 28 | long | 질다 (jilda) | t͡ɕiːɭda |
| 29 | wide | 넙다 (neopda) | nəp̚t͈a̠ |
| 30 | thick | 두덥다 (dudeopda) | tədəp̚t͈a |
| 31 | heavy | 베다 (beda), 무겁다 (mugeopda) | pe̞da̠, muɡəp̚t͈a̠ |
| 32 | small | 족다 (jokda) | t͡ɕo̞k̚t͈a |
| 33 | short | 짜르다 (jjareuda) | t͡ɕ͈aɾɨda |
| 34 | narrow | 좁다 (jopda), 좁짝ᄒᆞ다 (jopjjakhawda) | t͡ɕo̞p̚t͈a̠, t͡ɕo̞p̚t͡ɕ͈akʰɒda̠ |
| 35 | thin | ᄁᆞ늘다 (kkawneulda) | k͈ɒnɨɭda̠ |
| 36 | woman | 제집 (jejip) | t͡ɕe̞ːd͡ʑip̚ |
| 37 | man (male) | 소나이 (sonai) | sʰo̞na̠i |
| 38 | man (human) | 사름 (sareum) | sʰa̠ːɾɨm |
| 39 | child | 아의 (aui) | a̠i |
| 40 | wife | 각시 (gaksi) | ka̠kʃ͈i |
| 41 | husband | 냄편 (naempyeon) | nɛmpʰjən |
| 42 | mother | 어멍 (eomeong) | əməŋ |
| 43 | father | 아방 (abang) | a̠ba̠ŋ |
| 44 | animal | 짐승 (jimseung) | t͡ɕimsʰɨŋ |
| 45 | fish | 물궤기 (mulgwegi) | muɭk͈we̞ɡi |
| 46 | bird | 생이 (saeng'i) | sʰæŋi |
| 47 | dog | 개 (gae) | kæ |
| 48 | louse | 늬 (nui) | ni |
| 49 | snake | 베염 (beyeom) | pe̞ːjəm |
| 50 | worm | 버렝이 (beoreng'i) | pəɾe̞ŋi |
| 51 | tree | 낭 (nang) | na̠ŋ |
| 52 | forest | 고지 (goji) | ko̞d͡ʑi |
| 53 | stick | 막당이 (makdang'i) | ma̠k̚t͈a̠ŋi |
| 54 | fruit | ᄋᆢᆯ매 (yawlmae) | jɒɭmæ |
| 55 | seed | 씨 (ssi) | ʃ͈i |
| 56 | leaf | 섭 (seop) | sʰəp̚ |
| 57 | root | 불희 (bulhui) | puɾhi |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 낭거죽 (nanggeojuk) | na̠ŋɡəd͡ʑuk̚ |
| 59 | flower | 고장 (gojang) | ko̞d͡ʑa̠ŋ |
| 60 | grass | 풀 (pul) | pʰuɭ |
| 61 | rope | 줄 (jul) | t͡ɕuɭ |
| 62 | skin | ᄉᆞᆯ카죽 (sawlkajuk) | sʰɒɭkʰa̠d͡ʑuk̚ |
| 63 | meat | 궤기 (gwegi), ᄉᆞᆯ (sawl) | kwe̞ɡi, sʰɒɭ |
| 64 | blood | 피 (pi) | pʰi |
| 65 | bone | 꽝 (kkwang) | k͈wa̠ŋ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | ||
| 67 | egg | ᄃᆞᆨ새기 (dawksaegi), 알 (al) | tɒk̚s͈æɡi, a̠ɭ |
| 68 | horn | 뿔 (ppul) | p͈uɭ |
| 69 | tail | 꼴리 (kkolli) | k͈o̞ʎʎi |
| 70 | feather | ||
| 71 | hair | ||
| 72 | head | ||
| 73 | ear | ||
| 74 | eye | ||
| 75 | nose | ||
| 76 | mouth | ||
| 77 | tooth | ||
| 78 | tongue | ||
| 79 | fingernail | ||
| 80 | foot | ||
| 81 | leg | ||
| 82 | knee | ||
| 83 | hand | ||
| 84 | wing | ||
| 85 | belly | ||
| 86 | guts | ||
| 87 | neck | ||
| 88 | back | ||
| 89 | breast | ||
| 90 | heart | ||
| 91 | liver | ||
| 92 | to drink | 드르쓰다 (deureusseuda) | |
| 93 | to eat | 먹다 (meokda) | |
| 94 | to bite | 물다 (mulda) | |
| 95 | to suck | ᄈᆞᆯ다 (ppawlda) | |
| 96 | to spit | ||
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | ||
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | ||
| 101 | to see | 보다 (boda) | |
| 102 | to hear | 듣다 (deutda) | |
| 103 | to know | 알다 (alda) | |
| 104 | to think | ||
| 105 | to smell | ||
| 106 | to fear | ||
| 107 | to sleep | ||
| 108 | to live | ||
| 109 | to die | ||
| 110 | to kill | ||
| 111 | to fight | ||
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | ||
| 114 | to cut | ||
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | ||
| 117 | to scratch | ||
| 118 | to dig | ||
| 119 | to swim | ||
| 120 | to fly | ||
| 121 | to walk | ||
| 122 | to come | ||
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ||
| 124 | to sit | ||
| 125 | to stand | ||
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ||
| 127 | to fall | ||
| 128 | to give | ||
| 129 | to hold | ||
| 130 | to squeeze | ||
| 131 | to rub | ||
| 132 | to wash | ||
| 133 | to wipe | ||
| 134 | to pull | ||
| 135 | to push | ||
| 136 | to throw | ||
| 137 | to tie | ||
| 138 | to sew | ||
| 139 | to count | ||
| 140 | to say | ||
| 141 | to sing | ||
| 142 | to play | ||
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | ||
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | ||
| 147 | sun | 헤 (he) | |
| 148 | moon | ᄃᆞᆯ (dawl) | |
| 149 | star | ||
| 150 | water | ||
| 151 | rain | ||
| 152 | river | ||
| 153 | lake | ||
| 154 | sea | ||
| 155 | salt | ||
| 156 | stone | ||
| 157 | sand | ||
| 158 | dust | ||
| 159 | earth | ||
| 160 | cloud | ||
| 161 | fog | ||
| 162 | sky | ||
| 163 | wind | ||
| 164 | snow | ||
| 165 | ice | ||
| 166 | smoke | ||
| 167 | fire | ||
| 168 | ash | ||
| 169 | to burn | ||
| 170 | road | ||
| 171 | mountain | ||
| 172 | red | ||
| 173 | green | ||
| 174 | yellow | ||
| 175 | white | ||
| 176 | black | ||
| 177 | night | ||
| 178 | day | ||
| 179 | year | ||
| 180 | warm | ||
| 181 | cold | ||
| 182 | full | ||
| 183 | new | ||
| 184 | old | ||
| 185 | good | ||
| 186 | bad | ||
| 187 | rotten | ||
| 188 | dirty | ||
| 189 | straight | ||
| 190 | round | ||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ||
| 193 | smooth | ||
| 194 | wet | ||
| 195 | dry | ||
| 196 | correct | ||
| 197 | near | ||
| 198 | far | ||
| 199 | right | ||
| 200 | left | ||
| 201 | at | ||
| 202 | in | ||
| 203 | with | ||
| 204 | and | ||
| 205 | if | ||
| 206 | because | ||
| 207 | name |