Appendix:Romani Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Romani, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishRomani
rromani ćhib
edit (206)
1I (1sg)me
2you (2sg)tu
3he, she, it (3sg)ov (masculine), oj (feminine)
4we (1pl)amen
5you (2pl)tumen
6they (3pl)on
7thiskado
8thatkodo
9herekathe
10therekothe
11whokon
12whatso
13wherekaj
14whenkana
15howsar
16notna
17allsa
18manybut
19someunyi
20fewcerra
21otheraver
22onejekh
23twoduj
24threetrin
25fourśtar
26fivepanʒ
27bigbaro
28longlùngo
29widebuxlo
30thickthulo
31heavypharo
32smalltikno
33shortskurto
34narrowtang
35thinsano
36womanʒuvli
37man (adult male)murś
38man (human being)manuś
39childćhavo
40wiferromni
41husbandrrom
42motherdaj
43fatherdad
44animalpedo
45fishmaćho
46birdćiriklo
47dogʒukel
48louseʒuv
49snakesap
50wormkirmo
51treerukh
52forestveś
53stickkopal
54fruitfrukto
55seedsumburo
56leafpatrin
57rootrikita
58bark (of a tree)korca
59flowerluludǐ
60grasschar
61ropeśelo
62skinmorthǐ
63meatmas
64bloodrat
65bonekòkalo
66fat (noun)thulo
67egganro
68hornśing
69tailpori
70featherpor
71hairbal
72headśero
73earkan
74eyejakh
75nosenakh
76mouthmuj
77toothdand
78tongue (organ)ćhib
79fingernailvundya
80footpunro
81legfujeri
82kneechang
83handvast
84wingphakh
85bellyper
86gutsporr
87neckkorr
88backdumo
89breastćući
90heartilo
91liverpuko
92to drinkpijel
93to eatxal
94to bitedindalel
95to suckchuchi pel
96to spitshungardel
97to vomitshandel
98to blowphurdel
99to breathesufla lel
100to laughasal
101to seedikhel
102to hearśunel
103to knowʒanel
104to thinkgindil
105to smellsungal
106to feardaral
107to sleepsovel
108to livezhuvel
109to diemerel
110to killmudarel
111to fightmarel
112to huntmudarel
113to hitchalavel
114to cutshinel
115to splitpharravel
116to stabpusavel
117to scratchxarundel
118to dighunavel
119to swimplemel
120to flyural
121to walkphirel
122to comeavel
123to lie (as in a bed)pashlyol
124to sitbeśel
125to standtordyol
126to turn (intransitive)boldel
127to fallperel
128to givedel
129to holdxutyilel
130to squeezekikidel
131to rubmorel
132to washthovel
133to wipekhosel
134to pullcirdel
135to pushpizdel
136to throwshudel
137to tiephandel
138to sewsuvel
139to countginavel
140to sayphenel
141to singgilyabel
142to playkhelel
143to floaturnel
144to flowshordyol
145to freezepahosajvel
146to swellshulyol
147sunkham
148moonćhon
149starćexrain
150waterpani
151rainbriśind
152riverlen
153lakebaro paji
154seamarja
155saltlon
156stonebarr
157sandkiśaj
158dustpraxo
159earthphuv
160cloudnoro
161fogmuglya
162skycheri
163windbalval
164snowiv
165icepaho
166smokethuv
167firejag
168ashushar
169to burnphabol
170roaddrom
171mountainplaj
172redlolo
173greenzèleno
174yellowgàlbeno
175whiteparno
176blackkalo
177nightrat
178daydives
179yearberś
180warmtato
181coldśudro
182fullpherdo
183newnevo
184oldpurano
185goodlaćho
186badnasul
187rottenkerno
188dirtymelalo
189straightvorta
190roundoblo
191sharp (as a knife)kucime
192dull (as a knife)bikucime
193smoothsamtalo
194wetkindyilo
195dryshuko
196correct
197nearpashe
198fardur
199rightchacho
200leftstungo
201atkaj
202inanθ-
203with-ça
204andthaj
205ifte
206becauseke
207nameanav

See also

Further reading

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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