Appendix:Middle French Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Middle French, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishMiddle French
Françoys
edit (150)
1I (1sg)ie
2you (2sg)tu
3he, she, it (3sg)il, elle
4we (1pl)nous
5you (2pl)vous
6they (3pl)ils, elles
7thiscest, cestui
8thatcest, cestui
9hereci
10therela
11whoqui
12whatque
13whereou
14whenquand
15howcomment
16notne
17alltout
18manymoult
19somedes
20fewpeu
21otheraultre
22oneun
23twodeux
24threetroys
25fourquatre
26fivecinc
27biggrand
28longlong
29wide
30thickespés
31heavy
32smallpetit
33shortcourt
34narrowestroit
35thinmeigre
36womandame, damoisele
37man (adult male)homme
38man (human being)homme
39childenfant
40wifefemme
41husbandmari
42mothermere
43fatherpere
44animalbeste
45fishpoisson
46birdoisel
47dogchien
48louse
49snakeserpent
50worm
51treearbre
52forestforest
53stickbaston
54fruitfruict
55seed
56leaffeuille
57root
58bark (of a tree)
59flowerfleur
60grassherbe
61rope
62skinpel
63meatchair
64bloodsang
65boneos
66fat (noun)
67eggoeuf
68horncorne
69tail
70featherplume
71haircheveu
72headteste, chef
73earaureille
74eyeoeil
75nosenés
76mouthbouche
77toothdent
78tongue (organ)langue
79fingernail
80footpied
81legjambe
82kneegenou
83handmain
84wing
85bellyventre
86guts
87neckcol
88backdos
89breast
90heartcoeur
91liver
92to drinkboire
93to eatmanger
94to bitemordre
95to suck
96to spit
97to vomit
98to blow
99to breatherespirer
100to laughrire
101to seeveoir
102to hearoïr
103to knowsavoir, congnoistre
104to thinkpenser
105to smell
106to fear
107to sleepdormir
108to livevivre
109to diemorir
110to killoccire, tuer
111to fightse battre
112to huntchacer
113to hitbattre
114to cutcolper
115to split
116to stab
117to scratch
118to dig
119to swim
120to fly
121to walkse pasmer
122to comevenir
123to lie (as in a bed)gesir
124to sit
125to stand
126to turn (intransitive)retorner
127to fall
128to givedoner
129to holdtenir
130to squeeze
131to rub
132to washlaver
133to wipe
134to pulltirer
135to push
136to throwiecter
137to tielier
138to sew
139to count
140to saydire
141to singchanter
142to playiouer
143to floatfloter
144to flow
145to freeze
146to swell
147sunsoleil
148moonlune
149starestoile
150watereau
151rain
152riverriviere, fleuve
153lakelac
154seamer
155salt
156stonepierre
157sand
158dust
159earthterre
160cloud
161fog
162skyciel
163windvent
164snow
165ice
166smokefum
167firefeu
168ash
169to burnardre, ardoir, brusler
170roadchemin, voie, route
171mountainmontaigne
172redrouge
173greenvert
174yellow
175whiteblanc
176blacknoir
177nightnuict
178dayiour
179yearan
180warmchaud
181coldfroid
182fullplain
183newnovel
184oldancien
185goodbon
186badmaulvais
187rotten
188dirty
189straight
190roundrond
191sharp (as a knife)
192dull (as a knife)
193smooth
194wet
195drysec
196correctbon, iuste
197near
198farloing
199rightdestre
200leftsenestre, gausche
201ata, ad
202inen
203withavoec, avuec
204andet
205ifsi
206becausecar
207namenom
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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