ci

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English

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

Borrowed from Mandarin ().

Noun

ci (uncountable)

  1. One of the Classical Chinese poetry forms

Anagrams

Aka (Central Africa)

Noun

ci

  1. water

Further reading

  • Marvin Lionel Bender, Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics (1989) (cí, cì)
  • (ɕi)

Balinese

Etymology

From cai (you).

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ci (Balinese script ᬘᬶ)

  1. (medya) you
    Synonyms: (kasar) ragan, (halus) iratu

Further reading

  • ci” in Balinese–Indonesian Dictionary , Denpasar, Indonesia: The Linguistic Center of Bali Province .

Bambara

Etymology 1

Noun

  1. thatch, especially of the species Diheteropogon grandiflorus

Etymology 2

Noun

  1. commission, errand
  2. message, order
  3. mission, task, assignment
    ò cí bɛ́ í kàn
    it is your duty
  4. work, labor (especially agricultural)
    cí kɛ́
    to work in the fields
  5. usefulness, utility
    cí tɛ́ nìn ná
    that's useless

Verb

  1. to send, charge with a mission
    sɛ́bɛn cí mɔ̀gɔ mà
    to send a letter to someone

Etymology 3

Verb

  1. to hit
    fíyɛn bɛ́ cì
    the wind is blowing
    fàli cì
    to hit an donkey
  2. to break
    à y'á kùn cì
    He knocked him unconscious
  3. to destroy
  4. to split, divide, cut
    dɔ́gɔ cì
    to split wood
  5. to burst, explode with a loud noise
    màrifa cì
    to fire off a round (with a gun)
  6. to trace, tattoo
    bála cì
    to plot an area of a field to be hoed
    tùgu cì
    to vaccinate in the arm

Noun

  1. line, stroke
  2. tattoo

Corsican

Etymology

Ultimately from either Latin hīc (here) or hinc (from here). Akin to Italian ci; see there for more. Compare Sicilian cci.

Adverb

ci

  1. there

Pronoun

ci

  1. us (both direct and indirect object)

See also

Corsican personal pronouns
nominative dative accusative disjunctive
singular 1st person eiu mi
2nd person ti
3rd person m ellu li u, l' ellu
f ella a, l' ella
plural 1st person noi ci noi
2nd person voi vi voi
3rd person m elli li i, l' elli
f elle e, l' elle

References

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin quem. Compare Portuguese quem, Romanian cine, Spanish quien, Romansch che, Sardinian chíne.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ci

  1. who

Dhimal

Noun

ci

  1. water

Further reading

  • John T. King, A Grammar of Dhimal

Esperanto

Etymology

From Italian or French tu, Russian ты (ty), etc., plus the i of personal pronouns.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /t͡si/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -i
  • Hyphenation: ci

Pronoun

ci (accusative cin, possessive cia)

  1. (rare) thou, you (second-person informal singular pronoun)
    • 1905, Ludoviko Lazaro Zamenhof, Fundamento de Esperanto:
      Mi legas. — Ci skribas (anstataŭ “ci” oni uzas ordinare “vi”).
      I read. — Thou writest (instead of “ci” one ordinarily uses “vi”.)
    • 1899, Felikso Zamenhof, (Please provide the book title or journal name):
      Ekamis la konato / Kaj reciproke ŝi; / Post paso de monato / Ŝanĝiĝis »Vi« per »ci«.
      Her acquaintance fell in love / and reciprocally she; / after the passage of a month / "You" changed into "thee".
    • 1907, Henri Vallienne, Kastelo de Prelongo, ch. 6:
      Cia sintenado estos vere fiera, li moke murmuretis en ŝian orelon, kiam ci estos vekinta la tutan loĝantaron.
      Thine attitude shall be truly proud, he mockingly whispered into her ear, when thou shalt have awakened the whole population.

Usage notes

Some people believe that this word was used in the past and then became archaic, but this is not true. Actually, this word has never been in common usage; as written by Zamenhof as early as 1888, when the Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia, was published. Many Esperantists don't even understand it. Some authors have used 'ci' to portray archaic language, for translations, and for stylistic effects. This usage is criticized by other writers.

  • Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Dua Libro de l' Lingvo Internacia; Ludwig L. Zamenhof, Lingvaj Respondoj; Bertilo Wennergren, Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko (PMEG); Bernard Golden, La Gazeto #11, June 15, 1987; Zlatko Tisjlar, Frekvencmorfemaro de Parolata Esperanto.

See also

Esperanto personal pronouns
singular plural
nominative accusative possessive nominative accusative possessive
first person  mi  min  mia  ni  nin  nia
second
person
formal  vi  vin  via  vi  vin  via
familiar1  ci  cin  cia
third
person
masculine  li  lin  lia
feminine  ŝi  ŝin  ŝia
neuter  ĝi  ĝin  ĝia
gender-neutral2  ri
ŝli
 rin
ŝlin
 ria
ŝlia
reflexive  si  sin  sia  si  sin  sia
indefinite  oni  onin  onia  oni  onin  onia

1 The second person familiar pronouns are archaic.

2 The proposed gender-neutral third-person singular pronouns ri (rin, ria) and ŝli (ŝlin, ŝlia) are not widely used.

3 The proposed third-person feminine plural pronoun iŝi (iŝin, iŝia) is not widely used.

French

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin ecce hīc.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ci

  1. (in compounds, else archaic) alternative form of ici (here)
  2. (after a noun) see -ci

Derived terms

References

Hausa

Etymology

From Proto-Chadic, ultimately from Proto-Afroasiatic *taʔ- (to eat, especially something soft, to close lips, especially loosely). Compare Akkadian 𒋫𒀪𒌑 (ta-ʔu-u2 /⁠ta'u⁠/, to eat), Mehri tewō (eat), Arabic تَأْتَأَ (taʔtaʔa, to stammer, to stutter, to reduplicate sounds, to mumble or move lips), and with varying Berber forms Tamahaq ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Tarifit ⵜⵜ (tǝtt), Central Atlas Tamazight ⵜⵛ (tc), and Kabyle teṭṭ (pharyngeal-coloring found as well in the Arabic variant تَعْتَعَ (taʕtaʕa), and in that sense possible further connections to طَعِمَ (ṭaʕima, to taste) and عَضَّ (ʕaḍḍa, to bite)).

Pronunciation

Verb

ci (grade Ø)

  1. to eat, to eat soft things

Ido

Pronunciation

Determiner

ci

  1. alternative form of ici (these)

Pronoun

ci

  1. alternative form of ici (these)

Indonesian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Xiamen Hokkien (chîⁿ, “mace”).

Noun

ci (plural ci-ci)

  1. (obsolete) weight unit 1/10 tahil (for opium)

Etymology 2

From Sundanese ci, perhaps derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *wahiʀ.

Noun

ci (countable and uncountable, plural ci-ci)

  1. river (large stream which drains a landmass), specifically, those located in Banten, West Java, and far-western Central Java
    Synonyms: sungai, kali

Etymology 3

Noun

ci (plural ci-ci)

  1. alternative form of encik
  2. alternative form of taci (elder sister)

Further reading

Interlingua

Pronunciation

Adverb

ci

  1. here (at this place)

Italian

Etymology 1

From Latin (the name of the letter C).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈt͡ʃi/*
  • Rhymes: -i
  • Hyphenation:

Noun

ci f (invariable)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter C/c.; cee
See also

References

  1. ^ ci in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)

Further reading

  • ci2 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Etymology 2

Uncertain. Rohlfs and Von Wartburg favoured/favored Late Latin ecce hīc. Maiden casts doubt on this etymology, pointing out that Italian ci is an unstressed 'weak' form, while Latin hic otherwise survives in Italian only in stressed forms (reinforced by Latin ecce or eccum) such as ciò, qua, and qui. (It should also be noted that all of the latter trigger syntactic doubling in a following word, thanks to their original final /k/, while ci does not.) Maiden proposes instead an origin in Latin hince, variant of hinc (hence, from here), pointing out that in parts of southern Italy there exists a 1PL pronoun 'nci (cf. also 'nce). Treccani, on the other hand, proposes an origin in Latin hīce, a variant of hīc (here). In any case, the Italian term is certainly cognate with Neapolitan ce, Sicilian cci and Sassarese zi, all three of which share similar adverbial senses, with the latter two also having pronominal senses.

Alternative forms

  • -ci (enclitic)
  • ce (before a third person direct object clitic)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /t͡ʃi/*, (Sicily, Calabria) */t͡ʃi/
  • Hyphenation: ci

Pronoun

ci

  1. us
    Loro ci conosconoThey know us
  2. (reflexive pronoun) ourselves; each other
    Ci arrabbiamoWe (ourselves) get angry
    Ci amiamoWe love each other
  3. to us
    Lui ci ha detto questoHe said this to us
  4. replaces the indefinite personal pronoun si (one) before reflexive si (oneself); one
    Ci si lava.One washes oneself.
    Ci si annoia quando non c'è niente da fare.
    One gets bored when there is nothing to do.
  5. it, to it
    Non ci credo.I do not believe it.
Usage notes
  • Becomes ce when followed by a third person direct object clitic (lo, la, li, le, or ne).
See also

Adverb

ci

  1. to there, here, there
    Synonym: vi (formal)
    Ci sono andatoI have been there
    Ci siamoWe're here
    Ci sono molte coseThere are many things
    C'è un problemaThere is a problem
  2. forms part of many verbs:
    volercito require/take
    abituarcito get used to it
    riuscircito be able to do it
    entrarcito do with something
    contarcito count on it
    pensarcito think about it
    starcito agree / to be up for something
    farcelato manage to do something
    credercito believe it
See also

References

  1. ^ Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1969. Grammatica storica della lingua italiana e dei suoi dialetti, vol. 3: Sintassi e formazione delle parole. Torino: Einaudi. §899.
  2. ^ Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “hīc”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volume 4: G H I, page 425
  3. ^ Maiden, Martin. 1995. A linguistic history of Italian. London: Longman. §9.1.1.
  4. 4.0 4.1 ci in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
  5. ^ ci1 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Etymology 3

Alternative forms

Noun

ci m (uncountable)

  1. the Twi language family

Further reading

  • ci3 in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Kangjia

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *či; compare Mongolian чи (či), Dongxiang chi.

Pronoun

ci

  1. you

Kanuri

Noun

ci

  1. mouth

Latgalian

Etymology

Borrowed from Belarusian ці (ci).

Pronunciation

Particle

ci

  1. Used to form polar questions.

Synonyms

References

  • A. Andronov, L. Leikuma (2008) Latgalīšu-Latvīšu-Krīvu sarunu vuordineica, Lvava, →ISBN, page 13

Latin

Verb

  1. second-person singular present active imperative of ciō

Malay

ci

Etymology

From Sundanese ᮎᮤ (ci).

Pronunciation

Noun

ci (Jawi spelling چي, plural ci-ci)

  1. river (large stream which drains a landmass)

Synonyms

Further reading

Mandarin

Romanization

ci

  1. nonstandard spelling of
  2. nonstandard spelling of
  3. nonstandard spelling of
  4. nonstandard spelling of

Usage notes

  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Noone

Verb

ci

  1. strike

Synonyms

References

Nupe

Pronunciation

Conjunction

ci

  1. Used to order actions temporally: then; and
    Musa à bá nakàn yínna, Gàná ci à gí eci yínnaMusa will cut meat today, and Gana will eat yam today

Usage notes

  • ci is solely used to join verbs/sentences and not nouns, for which is used. Additionally, when ci is used, the subject of each verb must be specified.

See also

Old French

Etymology

From Late Latin ecce hīc.

Adverb

ci

  1. here (in this place)

Descendants

  • French: ici, ci

Old Irish

Pronoun

ci

  1. alternative form of cía

Conjunction

ci

  1. alternative form of cía

Polish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈt͡ɕi/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -i
  • Syllabification: ci

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ti.

Pronoun

ci

  1. short dative singular of ty.

Etymology 3

Pronoun

ci m

  1. virile nominative plural of ten

Romanian

Etymology

From ce.

Pronunciation

Conjunction

ci

  1. (adversative) but; so that; on the contrary, opposite
    Nici eu, ci el.Not I, but he.

See also

Sicilian

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Akin to Italian ci; see there for more.

Adverb

ci

  1. here, there

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ci

  1. dative of iddu (he); to him
  2. dative of idda (she); to her
  3. dative of iddi (they); to them
Usage notes
  • Unlike in Italian, the Sicilian pronoun ci is not used for the first-person plural ('us'). The Sicilian equivalent is ni.
Inflection
3rd person m f pl
nominative iddu idda iddi
prepositional iddu idda iddi
accusative lu la li
dative ci ci ci
reflexive si si si

Sundanese

Etymology

From cai.

Noun

ci (Sundanese script ᮎᮤ)

  1. water
  2. river

Usage notes

  • Commonly used for making compound words (e.g. kinds of water, names of rivers, settlements, etc.)

Derived terms

Further reading

Tarantino

Etymology

Palatalization of an earlier *chi (/ki/), from the same continuum of Sicilian cui~cu'. Cognate with Italian chi.

Pronoun

ci (relative)

  1. who

Tedim Chin

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tsii, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-tsji.

Noun

ci

  1. salt

References

  • Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip

Venetan

Etymology

From Latin quis (compare Italian chi).

Pronoun

ci (interrogative)

  1. who?

Usage notes

  • Redoubled for reinforcement.
    Ci èlo ci?
    Who on earth is he?

Walloon

Etymology

From Old French cist, from Latin ecce istum (< iste).

Pronunciation

Determiner

ci (after an open syllabe : ç', feminine : cisse, masculine form before vowel : cist, feminine form before vowel : ciste, plural : ces)

  1. this
    Ci rotch
    This rock
    C' est ç' rotch-ci
    It's this rock
    Cist ome
    This man
    Cisse gayole
    This box
    Ciste afwaire
    This affair
    Ces måjhons
    These houses

Pronoun

ci (before a vowel : c', alternative form : çou)

  1. it, this
    Ci m' fwait må
    It hurts me
    C' est on ome
    It a man

Welsh

ci

Etymology

From Middle Welsh ci, from Proto-Brythonic *ki, from Proto-Celtic *kū, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱwṓ.

Pronunciation

Noun

ci m (plural cŵn)

  1. dog

Coordinate terms

  • gast (bitch (all senses))

Derived terms

Mutation

Mutated forms of ci
radical soft nasal aspirate
ci gi nghi chi

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

White Hmong

Pronunciation

Verb

ci

  1. to cook, to roast, to toast
  2. to glow, to shine

Zhuang

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Chinese (MC tsyhae).

Noun

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

  1. vehicle

Classifier

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

  1. carload of; cartload of; truckload of

Verb

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

  1. to sew with a sewing machine
  2. to machine on a lathe

Etymology 2

From Chinese (MC tsyhwe).

Verb

ci (Sawndip form 𫩝, 1957–1982 spelling ci)

  1. (intransitive, of wind) to blow
    Synonyms: (dialectal) baed, (dialectal) daet, (dialectal) boq, (dialectal) coi
  2. (transitive) to blow
    Synonym: (dialectal) baed
  3. (transitive) to play (a wind instrument)
  4. (transitive) to pump (a bellows)
    Synonyms: (dialectal) daz, (dialectal) boz

Etymology 3

From Chinese (MC tshwoj).

Verb

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

  1. to urge
    Synonyms: (dialectal) cui, (dialectal) dok

Etymology 4

From Chinese (MC tsye).

Classifier

ci (1957–1982 spelling ci)

  1. Used for stick-like objects.