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Italian being a pro-drop language, subject pronouns are mostly omitted, both in the written and spoken language, as the inflected verb is conjugated by person. An example would be: Mangio una mela, which is much more common than Io mangio una mela, where the subject can be inferred from the inflected form mangio; similarly È carina instead of Lei è carina. The explicit usage of personal pronouns may sound redundant to a native speaker, except when it is used in order to emphasize the subject. (Io mangio una mela could be interpreted as I am eating an apple and you are not).
Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
2
Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
illa quidem clāmābat ‘iō, cārissima māter, auferor!’
Indeed, she was crying out, “Oh! mother dearest – I am being taken away!” (See Persephone. The full context implies a cry of anguish as well as a plea for help from Persephone's mother, Ceres. The alternative ‘‘Help!’’ calls for an imperative such as ‘‘ferteauxilium!’’.)
1981, Arend Quak, chapter 1, in Die altmittel- und altniederfränkischen Psalmen und Glossen. Nach den Handschriften und Erstdrucken neu herausgegeben. [The Old Middle and Old Lower Franconian Psalms and Glosses. Republished after the manuscripts and original publications.] (Amsterdamer Publikationen zur Sprache und Literatur; 47), Amsterdam: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 69:
Duncla uuerthin ougon iro that sia ne gesian in rukgi iro io an crumbe.
May their eyes be blinded so they (can) not see, and may their back keep getting bent!
1981, Arend Quak, chapter 1, in Die altmittel- und altniederfränkischen Psalmen und Glossen. Nach den Handschriften und Erstdrucken neu herausgegeben. [The Old Middle and Old Lower Franconian Psalms and Glosses. Republished after the manuscripts and original publications.] (Amsterdamer Publikationen zur Sprache und Literatur; 47), Amsterdam: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 71:
1971, Willy Sanders, editor, (Expositio) Willerammi Eberspergensis abbatis in canticis canticorum. Die Leidener Handschrift. (Kleine deutsche Prosadenkmäler des Mittelalters; 9) (overall work in Latin and Old High German), München: Wilhelm Fink, page 52:
So wer ouch thurgh godes willan thiro wereld arbeyde muothe, wie magh her ie ze meeron ruowan cuman, thanne thaz her uollecume 'ad fontem totius boni'?
And whoever by God's will is tired by the burdens of the world, how can he ever attain peace better than that he reaches the source of all good?