Appendix:Tashelhit Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Tashelhit, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

EnglishTashelhit
edit (207)
1I (1sg)nkki
2you (2sg)kyyi, kmmi
3he, she, it (3sg)ntta, nttat
4we (1pl)nkkʷni, nkkʷnti
5you (2pl)kʷnni, kʷnninti
6they (3pl)nttni, nttnti
7thismayad, ad
8thatmayann, ann
9hereɣid
10thereɣin
11whoma
12whatmit
13wheremani
14whenmanagu
15howmanik, mamnk
16notur
17allakkʷ, kullu
18manymnnaw, kigan, kada
19somekra
20fewimikk
21otherwayyaḍ, tayyaḍ, yaḍn
22oneyan
23twosin
24threekraḍ
25fourkkuẓ
26fivesmmus
27bigimqqurn
28longiɣzzifn
29wideyusɛan
30thickiḍnin, iṭṭubzn
31heavyiẓẓayn
32smallimẓẓiyn
33shortigzzuln
34narrowikṛṛuẓn, inukman
35thinisdidn, icḍaḍn
36womantamɣart
37man (adult male)argaz
38man (human being)afgan
39childafrux
40wifetamɣart
41husbandargaz
42motherinna, immi, ma
43fatherbaba, ibba
44animallbhimt, lhwaych
45fishislm
46birdagḍiḍ
47dogaydi
48lousetilkit
49snakealgmaḍ, ablinka, talfsa
50wormtawkka
51treetaddagt
52foresttagant
53stickakccuḍ
54fruitlfakit, agemmu
55seedamud
56leafafraw
57rootaẓur
58bark (of a tree)tifrkkit, ifrkki
59flowerajddig
60grasstuga, afar
61ropeizikr
62skinilm
63meattifyyi
64bloodidammn
65boneixss
66fat (noun)tadunt
67eggtaglayt
68hornisk
69tailacṭṭab, acwwaḍ
70featherabzzir
71hairazzar, acakuk, acakka
72headagayyu, ixf
73earamzzuɣ
74eyetiṭṭ
75nosetinzrt, anxar
76mouthimi
77toothaxʷs, tuɣmst
78tongue (organ)ils
79fingernailiskr
80footaḍar, tiqqrt, abacil
81legtiqqrt, abacil, aḍar
82kneeafud
83handafus
84wingifr
85bellyadis, aḥbbuḍ, aḥlig, aḥrur
86gutsilawan, irawdan
87neckagṛḍ, amggrḍ
88backtadawt, tiɣraḍ
89breastadmr
90heartul
91livertasa
92to drinksu
93to eatcc
94to biteɣʷbi
95to suckssum
96to spitssufs
97to vomitrar
98to blowsuff
99to breathesunfs, suncḍ, cuncḍ
100to laughḍṣṣa
101to seeẓr, mnid, smuqql
102to hearslla, sfld
103to knowssn
104to thinkswingm
105to smellkḍu
106to fearkṣuḍ
107to sleepṭs
108to livesul, ɛic, ddr
109to diemmt
110to kill
111to fightmmaɣ
112to huntgʷmr
113to hitut
114to cutbbi
115to splitbḍu
116to stabsyags
117to scratchkrrj, kmz
118to digɣz
119to swimcucf
120to flyayl
121to walkfttu, zzigz, ddu
122to comeack
123to lie (as in a bed)gn
124to sitskkus, ggawr
125to standbidd
126to turn (intransitive)ssutl
127to fallḍr
128to givefk, kf
129to holdamẓ, zzga
130to squeezeẓm
131to rubḥukku, sffḍ
132to washssird
133to wipeṣfḍ
134to pullawk
135to pushdḥi, ntu
136to throwluḥ, gr
137to tiekrs, ass
138to sewgnu
139to countḥasb
140to sayini
141to singirir
142to playhḍṛ
143to floataywul
144to flowngi
145to freezesɣrs
146to swelluff
147suntafukt
148moonayyur
149staritri
150wateraman
151rainanẓar
152riverasif
153laketamda
154sealbḥr, ill
155salttisnt
156stoneaẓru
157sandamlal
158dustagḍrur
159earthakal
160cloudamdlu
161fogtagut
162skyignna
163windaḍu
164snowadfl
165iceagris
166smokeaggu
167firelɛfit, afa, takat
168ashiɣd
169to burnjdr
170roadaɣaras
171mountainadrar, amadl
172redazggaɣ
173greenazgzaw
174yellowawraɣ
175whiteumlil, acumlil
176blackasggan
177nightiḍ
178dayass
179yearasggʷas
180warmirɣan, iḥman
181coldiṣmmiḍn, ikrmn
182fullikturn, iɛmmṛn
183newn ljdid, amaynu
184oldaqbur, azayku
185goodifulkin
186badixcn
187rottenihlkn, ixmmjn
188dirtyirkan
189straightyuɣdn
190roundissutln
191sharp (as a knife)imsidn, ifrisn
192dull (as a knife)iḥfan
193smoothiḥrarn
194wetibdagn
195dryizwan
196correctiṣḥḥan
197nearyaẓn
198faryaggugn
199rightafasi
200leftaẓlmaḍ
201atɣ, dar
202inɣ
203withd, s
204andd
205if
206becauseacku
207nameism
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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