濟
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Translingual
| Traditional | 濟 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai | 済 |
| Simplified | 济 |
Han character
濟 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 水卜難 (EYX), four-corner 30123, composition ⿰氵齊)
Derived characters
Related characters
- 済 (Japanese shinjitai)
- 济 (Simplified Chinese)
Further reading
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 656, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18498
- Dae Jaweon: page 1066, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1771, character 12
- Unihan data for U+6FDF
Chinese
| trad. | 濟 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 济 | |
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 儕 | *zriːl |
| 麡 | *zriːl, *ʔsliːl, *zliːl |
| 齋 | *ʔsriːl |
| 穧 | *ʔsleds, *ʔsliːls, *zliːls |
| 擠 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls |
| 躋 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls |
| 齏 | *ʔsliːl |
| 齎 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔslil |
| 櫅 | *ʔsliːl |
| 齌 | *ʔsliːl, *sʰliːl, *zliːls |
| 隮 | *ʔsliːl, *ʔsliːls |
| 賷 | *ʔsliːl |
| 虀 | *ʔsliːl |
| 濟 | *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls |
| 癠 | *ʔsliːlʔ, *zliːl, *zliːlʔ, *zliːls |
| 霽 | *ʔsliːls |
| 齊 | *zliːl, *zliːls |
| 臍 | *zliːl |
| 蠐 | *zliːl, *zlil |
| 懠 | *zliːl, *zliːls |
| 薺 | *zliːlʔ, *zlil |
| 鱭 | *zliːlʔ |
| 嚌 | *zliːls |
| 劑 | *zliːls, *ʔslel |
| 齍 | *ʔslil |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).
Etymology 1
Austroasiatic. Possible base form, without nominal n-infix, of 西 (OC *snə̂i) (Schuessler, 2007). However, see there for other etymologies.
津 (OC *ʔslin) is its n-nominalized derivative (ibid.).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): zai3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chi
- Jin (Wiktionary): ji3
- Eastern Min (BUC): cá̤
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ze4
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5tsi
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jì
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jì
- Wade–Giles: chi4
- Yale: jì
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zai3
- Yale: jai
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzai3
- Guangdong Romanization: zei3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɐi̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chi
- Hakka Romanization System: ji
- Hagfa Pinyim: ji4
- Sinological IPA: /t͡si⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ji3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: cá̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɑ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ze4
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ca̤̍
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡se⁴²/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: tsejH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ˤj(ʔ)-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsliːls/
Definitions
濟
Compounds
- 不存不濟 / 不存不济
- 不存濟 / 不存济
- 不濟 / 不济 (bùjì)
- 不濟事 / 不济事
- 不經濟 / 不经济
- 不良事濟 / 不良事济
- 不通濟 / 不通济
- 以水濟水 / 以水济水
- 伯濟國 / 伯济国
- 低碳經濟 / 低碳经济 (dītàn jīngjì)
- 俵濟 / 俵济
- 假公濟私 / 假公济私 (jiǎgōngjìsī)
- 公私兩濟 / 公私两济
- 共濟一堂 / 共济一堂
- 兼濟 / 兼济
- 剛柔並濟 / 刚柔并济
- 剛柔相濟 / 刚柔相济 (gāngróuxiāngjì)
- 力濟九區 / 力济九区
- 功濟宇內 / 功济宇内
- 劫富濟貧 / 劫富济贫 (jiéfùjìpín)
- 匡俗濟時 / 匡俗济时
- 匡時濟世 / 匡时济世 (kuāngshíjìshì)
- 匡時濟俗 / 匡时济俗
- 匡濟 / 匡济 (kuāngjì)
- 匡濟之才 / 匡济之才
- 博愛濟群 / 博爱济群
- 博施濟眾 / 博施济众
- 博濟醫院 / 博济医院
- 史瓦濟蘭同惡相濟 / 史瓦济兰同恶相济
- 同濟 / 同济 (tóngjì)
- 同舟共濟 / 同舟共济 (tóngzhōugòngjì)
- 同舟而濟 / 同舟而济
- 同船濟水 / 同船济水
- 周濟 / 周济 (zhōujì)
- 和衷共濟 / 和衷共济 (hézhōnggòngjì)
- 命運兩濟 / 命运两济
- 失業救濟 / 失业救济
- 存濟 / 存济
- 安濟坊 / 安济坊
- 寬猛相濟 / 宽猛相济
- 幹濟 / 干济
- 康濟 / 康济
- 康濟錄 / 康济录
- 得濟 / 得济
- 恩威並濟 / 恩威并济
- 慈濟大學 / 慈济大学
- 懸壺濟世 / 悬壶济世 (xuánhújìshì)
- 才能幹濟 / 才能干济
- 扶傾濟弱 / 扶倾济弱
- 扶危濟困 / 扶危济困
- 拔刀相濟 / 拔刀相济
- 拔濟 / 拔济
- 拔濟火宅 / 拔济火宅
- 拯溺濟危 / 拯溺济危
- 振貧濟乏 / 振贫济乏
- 捐軀濟難 / 捐躯济难
- 接濟 / 接济 (jiējì)
- 撥亂濟危 / 拨乱济危
- 撥亂濟時 / 拨乱济时
- 救濟 / 救济 (jiùjì)
- 救濟金 / 救济金 (jiùjìjīn)
- 救濟院 / 救济院
- 文武兼濟 / 文武兼济
- 斐濟 / 斐济 (Fěijì)
- 方濟谷派 / 方济谷派
- 於事無濟 / 于事无济
- 時運不濟 / 时运不济 (shíyùnbùjì)
- 普濟寺 / 普济寺
- 普濟眾生 / 普济众生
- 普濟群生 / 普济群生
- 本事不濟 / 本事不济
- 永濟渠 / 永济渠
- 津濟 / 津济
- 濟世 / 济世 (jìshì)
- 濟世之才 / 济世之才
- 濟世匡時 / 济世匡时
- 濟世安人 / 济世安人
- 濟世安民 / 济世安民
- 濟世安邦 / 济世安邦
- 濟世愛民 / 济世爱民
- 濟世救人 / 济世救人
- 濟世經邦 / 济世经邦
- 濟事 / 济事 (jìshì)
- 濟人 / 济人
- 濟人利物 / 济人利物
- 濟公傳 / 济公传
- 濟公活佛 / 济公活佛
- 濟助 / 济助
- 濟勝之具 / 济胜之具
- 濟困扶危 / 济困扶危
- 濟寒賑貧 / 济寒赈贫
- 濟州 / 济州 (Jìzhōu)
- 濟度 / 济度
- 濟弱扶傾 / 济弱扶倾
- 濟弱扶危 / 济弱扶危
- 濟弱鋤強 / 济弱锄强
- 濟急 / 济急
- 濟惡 / 济恶
- 濟惠 / 济惠
- 濟拔 / 济拔
- 濟時拯世 / 济时拯世
- 濟時行道 / 济时行道
- 濟河焚舟 / 济河焚舟
- 濟渡 / 济渡
- 濟生 / 济生
- 濟美 / 济美
- 濟苦憐貧 / 济苦怜贫
- 濟貧 / 济贫 (jìpín)
- 濟貧拔苦 / 济贫拔苦
- 濟顛 / 济颠
- 災害救濟 / 灾害救济
- 無存濟 / 无存济
- 無濟於事 / 无济于事 (wújìyúshì)
- 無濟無主 / 无济无主
- 爛不濟 / 烂不济
- 痊濟 / 痊济
- 百濟 / 百济 (Bǎijì)
- 相濟 / 相济 (xiāngjì)
- 社會救濟 / 社会救济
- 經世濟民 / 经世济民 (jīngshìjìmín)
- 經國濟民 / 经国济民
- 經濟 / 经济 (jīngjì)
- 經綸濟世 / 经纶济世
- 緩不濟急 / 缓不济急 (huǎnbùjìjí)
- 緩急相濟 / 缓急相济
- 自力救濟 / 自力救济 (zìlì jiùjì)
- 蔣濟 / 蒋济
- 行政救濟 / 行政救济
- 表裡相濟 / 表里相济
- 賑濟 / 赈济 (zhènjì)
- 賑窮濟乏 / 赈穷济乏
- 賙濟 / 赒济 (zhōujì)
- 通濟渠 / 通济渠
- 道濟 / 道济
- 道濟天下 / 道济天下
- 開濟 / 开济
- 難存濟 / 难存济
- 額濟納河 / 额济纳河
- 額爾濟斯河 / 额尔济斯河
- 養濟 / 养济
- 養濟院 / 养济院
- 首尾共濟 / 首尾共济
- 鳳毛濟美 / 凤毛济美
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: jǐ
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jǐ
- Wade–Giles: chi3
- Yale: jǐ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jii
- Palladius: цзи (czi)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕi²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zai2
- Yale: jái
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzai2
- Guangdong Romanization: zei2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɐi̯³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: tsejX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ˤjʔ/, /*ˤəjʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsliːlʔ/
Definitions
濟
Compounds
Etymology 3
| trad. | 濟 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 济 | |
| alternative forms | ||
Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Northern Min (KCR): cāi
- Eastern Min (BUC): sâ̤
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): se5
- Southern Min
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cāi
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sai⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sâ̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɑ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: se5
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sā̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬe¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: se5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬe²¹/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Yongchun, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chē
- Tâi-lô: tsē
- Phofsit Daibuun: ze
- IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /t͡se³³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡se²²/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒe
- Tâi-lô: tsuě
- IPA (Lukang): /t͡sue³³/
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chēre
- Tâi-lô: tserē
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: zoi7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsōi
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡soi¹¹/
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: zoi1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sɔi³⁵/
Definitions
濟
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 多 (“many; much”)
Compounds
References
- “濟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02354
- The template Template:R:nan:thcwda does not use the parameter(s):
1=305
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.“(#)”, in 臺灣閩南語按呢寫, Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2013. - “濟”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
- 劉建仁 (29 April 2012) “濟•多（tse⊦／tsue⊦）──多”, in 台灣話的語源與理據 (in Chinese), retrieved 2016-08-21
Japanese
| 済 | |
| 濟 |
Kanji
濟
(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 済)
Readings
- Go-on: さい (sai)
- Kan-on: せい (sei)
- Kun: すむ (sumu, 濟む)、すます (sumasu, 濟ます)、わたる (wataru, 濟る)、すくう (sukuu, 濟う)、なす (nasu, 濟す)
Korean
Etymology
- “to help; etc.”
From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejH).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〮 (Yale: cyéy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 거느〮릴〯 졔〯 / 건널〮 졔〯 | Recorded as Middle Korean 졔〯 (cyěy) (Yale: cyěy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. |
| Early Modern Korean | ||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 건널 졔 | Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |
- “many”
From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC tsejX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〯 (Yale: cyěy?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. | |
| Early Modern Korean | ||
| Text | Final (韻) | Reading |
| Samun Seonghwi, 1751 | 셩ᄒᆞᆯ 졔 | Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804. |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
- Phonetic hangul:
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
- hanja form? of 제 (“to help; to aid; to relieve”)
- (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“to cross a river”)
- (literary) hanja form? of 제 (“many”)
- 제제 (濟濟) ― jeje ― (of people) many
Compounds
References
Vietnamese
Han character
濟: Hán Việt readings: tế (
濟: Nôm readings: tế