Appendix:Volapük Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Volapük, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Volapük
Volapük
1 I ob
2 you (singular) ol
3 he, she, it om
4 we obs
5 you (plural) ols
6 they ons
7 this atos
8 that etos
9 here is
10 there us
11 who kin
12 what kis
13 where kiöpo
14 when kiüpo
15 how lio
16 not no
17 all valik
18 many mödik
19 some anik
20 few nemödik
21 other votik
22 one bal
23 two tel
24 three kil
25 four fol
26 five lul
27 big gretik
28 long lunik
29 wide vidik
30 thick bigik
31 heavy vetik
32 small smalik
33 short brefik
34 narrow nabik
35 thin slenik
36 woman vom
37 man (adult male) man
38 man (human being) men
39 child cil
40 wife jimatan
41 husband himatan
42 mother mot
43 father fat
44 animal nim
45 fish fit
46 bird böd
47 dog dog
48 louse puf
49 snake snek
50 worm vum
51 tree bim
52 forest fot
53 stick staf
54 fruit fluk
55 seed sid
56 leaf bled
57 root vul
58 bark (of a tree) jal
59 flower flor
60 grass yeb
61 rope jain
62 skin skin
63 meat mit
64 blood blud
65 bone bom
66 fat (noun) pin
67 egg nög
68 horn hon
69 tail göb
70 feather plüm
71 hair her
72 head kap, cif
73 ear lil
74 eye log
75 nose nud
76 mouth mud
77 tooth tut
78 tongue (organ) lineg
79 fingernail nuel
80 foot fut
81 leg lög
82 knee kien
83 hand nam
84 wing flitäm
85 belly bälid
86 guts ninäms
87 neck nük, särvig
88 back bäk
89 breast blöt
90 heart lad
91 liver foad
92 to drink drinön
93 to eat fidön
94 to bite beitön
95 to suck sügön
96 to spit spukön
97 to vomit sputön, vomitön
98 to blow bladön
99 to breathe natemön
100 to laugh smilön
101 to see logön
102 to hear lilön
103 to know nolön, sevön
104 to think tikön
105 to smell smeilön
106 to fear dredön
107 to sleep slipön
108 to live lödön
109 to die deadön
110 to kill deidön
111 to fight komipön
112 to hunt yagön
113 to hit flapön
114 to cut kötön
115 to split slitön
116 to stab dägön
117 to scratch kratön
118 to dig jüpön, sebön
119 to swim svimön
120 to fly flitön
121 to walk golön
122 to come kömön
123 to lie (as in a bed) seatön
124 to sit seadön
125 to stand stanön
126 to turn (intransitive) flekön
127 to fall falön
128 to give givön
129 to hold kipön
130 to squeeze knibön
131 to rub röbön
132 to wash lavön
133 to wipe kluinön
134 to pull tirön
135 to push joikön
136 to throw jedön
137 to tie tanön
138 to sew nägön
139 to count nümädön
140 to say sagön
141 to sing kanitön
142 to play pledön
143 to float flotön
144 to flow flumön
145 to freeze flodön
146 to swell svelikön
147 sun sol
148 moon mun
149 star stel
150 water vat
151 rain rein
152 river flumed
153 lake lak
154 sea mel
155 salt sal
156 stone ston
157 sand sab
158 dust püf
159 earth tail
160 cloud lefog
161 fog fog
162 sky sil
163 wind vien
164 snow nif
165 ice glad
166 smoke smok
167 fire fil
168 ash zen
169 to burn filön
170 road veg
171 mountain bel
172 red redik
173 green grünik
174 yellow yelovik
175 white vietik
176 black blägik
177 night neit
178 day del
179 year yel
180 warm vamik
181 cold koldik
182 full fulik
183 new nulik
184 old bäldik
185 good gudik
186 bad badik
187 rotten puridik
188 dirty miotik
189 straight stedälik
190 round klöpik
191 sharp (as a knife) japik
192 dull (as a knife) dofik
193 smooth smudik
194 wet luimik
195 dry sägik
196 correct verätik
197 near nilü
198 far fagik
199 right detik
200 left nedetik
201 at , len,
202 in in
203 with ko, me
204 and e, ed
205 if if
206 because bi
207 name nem

See also

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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