From Middle English ing, ynge, enge, from Old English ing, *eng (“a meadow; ing”), from Proto-Germanic *angijō (“meadow”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énkos (“a bend; curve; bowl; hollow; dell; glen”), from *h₂enk- (“to bend; curve; bow”). Cognate with Scots eng (“ing; meadow”), Dutch eng (“pasture; farmland”), Danish eng (“meadow”), Swedish äng (“meadow; field”), Norwegian eng (“meadow”), Faroese ong (“grassland; meadow; pasture”), Icelandic eng (“a meadow”), Icelandic engi (“a meadow; meadowland”).
ing (plural ings)
From Pitman em and en, which it is related to phonetically and graphically, and the sound it represents. The change in vowel probably reflects the familiar suffix -ing.
ing (plural ings)
Compare with Kapampangan ing, Tausug in.
ing
Direct | Indirect | Oblique | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definite | Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | |||
Common | Singular | ang | ing†, 'y | sa, sang† | og | sa |
Plural | ang mga | ing mga†, 'y mga |
sa mga, sang mga† |
og mga | sa mga | |
Personal | Singular | si | ni | kang* | ||
Plural | sila ni, silang sa† |
nila ni, nilang na† |
(kan)ila ni*, (kan)ilang* ka† | |||
†Archaic *Indirect personal forms used instead in colloquial speech. |
ing
Uncertain. Perhaps borrowed from an Iranian language.[1]
ing (plural ingek)
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ing | ingek |
accusative | inget | ingeket |
dative | ingnek | ingeknek |
instrumental | inggel | ingekkel |
causal-final | ingért | ingekért |
translative | inggé | ingekké |
terminative | ingig | ingekig |
essive-formal | ingként | ingekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | ingben | ingekben |
superessive | ingen | ingeken |
adessive | ingnél | ingeknél |
illative | ingbe | ingekbe |
sublative | ingre | ingekre |
allative | inghez | ingekhez |
elative | ingből | ingekből |
delative | ingről | ingekről |
ablative | ingtől | ingektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
ingé | ingeké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
ingéi | ingekéi |
Possessive forms of ing | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | ingem | ingeim |
2nd person sing. | inged | ingeid |
3rd person sing. | inge | ingei |
1st person plural | ingünk | ingeink |
2nd person plural | ingetek | ingeitek |
3rd person plural | ingük | ingeik |
An earlier form of the verb inog (“to wobble”).
ing
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | ingok | ingsz | ing | ingunk | ingtok | ingnak | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | ingtam | ingtál | ingott | ingtunk | ingtatok | ingtak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. ingni fog. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | ingék | ingál | inga | ingánk | ingátok | ingának | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. ing vala, ingott vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | ingandok | ingandasz | ingand | ingandunk | ingandotok | ingandanak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | ingnék | ingnál | ingna | ingnánk | ingnátok | ingnának | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. ingott volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | ingjak | ingj or ingjál |
ingjon | ingjunk | ingjatok | ingjanak | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. ingott légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | ingni | ingnom | ingnod | ingnia | ingnunk | ingnotok | ingniuk | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
ingás | ingó | ingott | ― | ingva (ingván) | |||||
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | inghatok | inghatsz | inghat | inghatunk | inghattok | inghatnak | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | inghattam | inghattál | inghatott | inghattunk | inghattatok | inghattak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | inghaték | inghatál | inghata | inghatánk | inghatátok | inghatának | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. inghat vala, inghatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | inghatandok or ingandhatok |
inghatandasz or ingandhatsz |
inghatand or ingandhat |
inghatandunk or ingandhatunk |
inghatandotok or ingandhattok |
inghatandanak or ingandhatnak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | inghatnék | inghatnál | inghatna | inghatnánk | inghatnátok | inghatnának | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. inghatott volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | inghassak | inghass or inghassál |
inghasson | inghassunk | inghassatok | inghassanak | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. inghatott légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (inghatni) | (inghatnom) | (inghatnod) | (inghatnia) | (inghatnunk) | (inghatnotok) | (inghatniuk) | ||
Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (inghatva / inghatván) | ||||
or
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | ingok | ingasz | ing | ingunk | ingotok | inganak | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | ingottam | ingottál | ingott | ingottunk | ingottatok | ingottak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. ingani fog. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | ingék | ingál | inga | ingánk | ingátok | ingának | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. ing vala, ingott vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | ingandok | ingandasz | ingand | ingandunk | ingandotok | ingandanak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | inganék | inganál | ingana | inganánk | inganátok | inganának | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. ingott volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | ingjak | ingj or ingjál |
ingjon | ingjunk | ingjatok | ingjanak | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. ingott légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | ingani | inganom | inganod | ingania | inganunk | inganotok | inganiuk | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
ingás | ingó | ingott | ― | ingva (ingván) | |||||
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | inghatok | inghatsz | inghat | inghatunk | inghattok | inghatnak | |
Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indef. | inghattam | inghattál | inghatott | inghattunk | inghattatok | inghattak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | inghaték | inghatál | inghata | inghatánk | inghatátok | inghatának | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. inghat vala, inghatott vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | inghatandok or ingandhatok |
inghatandasz or ingandhatsz |
inghatand or ingandhat |
inghatandunk or ingandhatunk |
inghatandotok or ingandhattok |
inghatandanak or ingandhatnak | ||
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | inghatnék | inghatnál | inghatna | inghatnánk | inghatnátok | inghatnának | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. inghatott volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | inghassak | inghass or inghassál |
inghasson | inghassunk | inghassatok | inghassanak | |
Def. | ― | ||||||||
2nd-p. o. | ― | ||||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. inghatott légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (inghatni) | (inghatnom) | (inghatnod) | (inghatnia) | (inghatnunk) | (inghatnotok) | (inghatniuk) | ||
Positive adjective | ― | Neg. adj. | ― | Adv. part. | (inghatva / inghatván) | ||||
(With verbal prefixes):
ing
ing
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔim, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kim (“house, womb”). Cognate to Burmese အိမ် (im) and S'gaw Karen ဟံၣ် (heè).
ing
Apparently borrowed from Old Norse eng or possibly inherited directly from Proto-Germanic *angijō.
ing f (nominative plural inga or inge)
From the older ingi, with word-final vowel deletion.
ing
ing
From Middle English ine, in, i, from Old English in, from Proto-Germanic *in.
ing