Appendix:Kinaray-a Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Kinaray-a, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Kinaray-a
Kinaray-a, Karay-a
1 I ako
2 you (singular) ikaw
3 he, she, it siya
4 we inclusive: kita exclusive: kami
5 you (plural) kamo
6 they sanda
7 this dia
8 that ria
9 here rëgya
10 there rëgto
11 who sin-o
12 what ano
13 where diin
14 when san-o
15 how andot, paano
16 not indi
17 all tanan
18 many rakë
19 some iban
20 few gamay
21 other iban
22 one isara
23 two darwa
24 three tatlo
25 four apat
26 five lima
27 big bahël
28 long labëg
29 wide maablang
30 thick damël
31 heavy bëg-at
32 small gamay
33 short mugo
34 narrow kitid
35 thin nipis, kanit
36 woman babaye
37 man (adult male) lalaki
38 man (human being) tawo
39 child anak, bata
40 wife asawa
41 husband bana
42 mother nanay
43 father tatay
44 animal hayop
45 fish isda
46 bird pispis
47 dog ayam
48 louse kuto
49 snake sawa
50 worm ulëd
51 tree kahoy
52 forest talon, katarangkalan
53 stick baralbal
54 fruit bunga
55 seed binhi
56 leaf dahon
57 root gamot
58 bark (of a tree) panit
59 flower bulak
60 grass hilamon
61 rope lubid, higot
62 skin panit
63 meat unod
64 blood dugo
65 bone tulan
66 fat (noun) tambok
67 egg itlog
68 horn sungay
69 tail ikog
70 feather bulbul
71 hair buhok
72 head ulo
73 ear talinga
74 eye mata
75 nose irong
76 mouth baba
77 tooth unto
78 tongue (organ) dila
79 fingernail kuko
80 foot kahig
81 leg paa
82 knee tuhod
83 hand kamot
84 wing pakpak
85 belly tiyan
86 guts tinai
87 neck liëg
88 back likod
89 breast suso
90 heart tagipusuon
91 liver atay
92 to drink inum
93 to eat kaën
94 to bite kagat
95 to suck supsop
96 to spit dupra
97 to vomit suka
98 to blow huyop
99 to breathe ginhawa
100 to laugh kadlaw
101 to see kita
102 to hear bati
103 to know man-an
104 to think dëmdëm
105 to smell hëgëm
106 to fear hadlëk
107 to sleep turog
108 to live buhi
109 to die matay
110 to kill patay
111 to fight away
112 to hunt mangayam
113 to hit lampus
114 to cut utod
115 to split tënga
116 to stab buno
117 to scratch karot
118 to dig suk-ay
119 to swim langoy
120 to fly lëpad
121 to walk panaw
122 to come abot
123 to lie (as in a bed) batang
124 to sit pungko
125 to stand tindëg
126 to turn (intransitive) liko
127 to fall hulog
128 to give tugro
129 to hold kapët
130 to squeeze pëga
131 to rub bag-id
132 to wash hugas
133 to wipe pahid
134 to pull butëng
135 to push tulod
136 to throw tablëg
137 to tie higot
138 to sew tahi
139 to count isip
140 to say hambal
141 to sing kanta
142 to play sipal
143 to float lutaw
144 to flow ilig
145 to freeze
146 to swell
147 sun adlaw
148 moon bulan
149 star bituën
150 water tubig
151 rain uran
152 river suba
153 lake lawa
154 sea baybay
155 salt asin
156 stone bato
157 sand baras
158 dust yab-ok
159 earth lupa
160 cloud panganod
161 fog tun-og
162 sky kahawaan
163 wind hangin
164 snow niyebe
165 ice yelo
166 smoke aso
167 fire kalayo
168 ash abo
169 to burn sunog
170 road dalan
171 mountain bukid
172 red pula
173 green berde
174 yellow darag
175 white puti
176 black itëm
177 night gabii
178 day adlaw
179 year tuig
180 warm mainit
181 cold ramig
182 full buta
183 new bag-o
184 old daan
185 good mayad
186 bad malain
187 rotten rangga, dunot (of fruits)
188 dirty higkë
189 straight tadlëng
190 round matimbulog
191 sharp (as a knife) tarëm
192 dull (as a knife) habol
193 smooth pino
194 wet basa
195 dry mara
196 correct sibo
197 near rapit
198 far rayo
199 right tuo
200 left wala
201 at sa
202 in sa
203 with
204 and kag
205 if kon
206 because tungod
207 name ngaran
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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