کم

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See also: كم and گم

Persian

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian 𐭪𐭬 (km /⁠kam⁠/, “little, small”),[1] from Proto-Iranian *kam(b)-na- (“small”), from Proto-Iranian *kamb- (“small”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *kambʰ (“few, small, insignificant”), probably related to Proto-Indo-European *ken- (“to arise, begin; new, fresh”).[2]

Pronunciation

 

Readings
Classical reading? kam
Dari reading? kam
Iranian reading? kam
Tajik reading? kam

Adjective

کم • (kam) (comparative کم‌تَر (kam-tar), superlative کم‌تَرین (kam-tarin))

Dari کم
Iranian Persian
Tajik кам
  1. few, little
    Synonyms: خجاره (xojâre), اندک (andak)
    Antonyms: زیاد (ziyâd), خیلی (xeyli)
  2. scarce, rare, lacking
Usage notes

Unlike most comparatives and superlatives, کم‌تر (kam-tar), and کم‌ترین (kam-tarin) are frequently written joined, as کمتر (kamtar) and کمترین (kamtarin)

Derived terms

(compound verbs)

(others)

Descendants
  • Indic:
  • → Azerbaijani: kəm
  • → Bashkir: кәм (kəm, “insufficient, scarce; inferior”)
    • → Phalura: kam
  • → Kazakh: кем (kem)
  • → Tatar: ким (kim)
  • → Uzbek: kam
  • → Yagnobi: кам (kam)

Etymology 2

Noun

کم • (kom)

  1. (dialectal, Khesht, Konartakhteh, Dashtestan) Alternative form of شکم (šekam, “belly; abdomen; tummy; stomach”)
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Pronoun

کم • (kam)

  1. (dialectal, Khesht, Konartakhteh) Alternative form of کدام (kodâm, “which”)

References

  1. ^ Nourai, Ali (2011) “Kamma, Quômn, Sqombh-no”, in An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 208
  2. ^ Edelʹman, D. I. (2011) “*kamb- : kab-, *kambna- : kabna-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 4, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 193

Punjabi

Etymology

Inherited from Prakrit 𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 (kamma), from Sanskrit कर्म (karma).

Pronunciation

Noun

کَمّ • (kamm) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੰਮ)

  1. work, job, task

Further reading

  • “کم”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2024

Southwestern Fars

Noun

کم (kom)

  1. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) belly
  2. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) abdomen
  3. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) tummy
  4. (Masarm, Deh Sarv, Kuzarg) stomach

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian کم (kam, “little, few”).

Pronunciation

Adjective

کَم • (kam) (indeclinable, comparative کَمْتَر (kamtar), superlative کَمتَرِین (kamtarīn), Hindi spelling कम)

  1. less (in lower degree; to smaller extent)
    Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)
  2. little (not much)
    Synonym: تھوڑا (thoṛā)
    Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)

Derived terms

Adverb

کَم • (kam) (Hindi spelling कम)

  1. less (in lower degree; to smaller extent)
    Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)
  2. little (not much)
    Synonym: تھوڑا (thoṛā)
    Antonyms: زیادَہ (zyāda), بَہُت (bahut)

Determiner

کَم • (kam) (Hindi spelling कम)

  1. few
    Antonym: بَہُت (bahut)
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