Appendix:Paraguayan Guaraní Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Paraguayan Guaraní, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No. English Paraguayan Guaraní
avañe'ẽ
1 I che
2 you (singular) nde
3 he, she, it ha'e
4 we ñande (inclusive), ore (exclusive)
5 you (plural) peẽ
6 they ha'ekuéra
7 this ko
8 that pe
9 here ko'ápe
10 there upépe
11 who mávapa (interrogative)
12 what mba'épa (interrogative)
13 where mamópa (no movement, interrogative)
14 when araka'épa (interrogative)
15 how mba'éichapa (interrogative)
16 not ani, nd- -i
17 all pa
18 many eta
19 some nunga
20 few mbovy
21 other ambue
22 one peteĩ
23 two mokõi
24 three mbohapy
25 four irundy
26 five po
27 big tuicha, guasu
28 long puku
29 wide pe
30 thick kyra
31 heavy pohýi
32 small michĩ
33 short mbyky
34 narrow po'i
35 thin pererĩ
36 woman kuña
37 man (adult male) kuimba'e
38 man (human being) tekove
39 child mitã'i
40 wife tembireko
41 husband ména
42 mother sy
43 father ru, túva
44 animal mymba, tymba
45 fish pira
46 bird guyra
47 dog jagua
48 louse ky
49 snake mbói
50 worm taso
51 tree yvyra
52 forest ka'aguy
53 stick pokoka
54 fruit yva
55 seed ta'ỹi
56 leaf togue
57 root tapo
58 bark (of a tree) ape / pire
59 flower yvoty
60 grass ka'a, ñana
61 rope sã
62 skin pire
63 meat so'o
64 blood tuguy
65 bone kangue
66 fat (noun) ñandy
67 egg tupi'a
68 horn jepoka
69 tail tuguái
70 feather tague
71 hair áva
72 head akã
73 ear nambi
74 eye tesa
75 nose tĩ
76 mouth juru
77 tooth tãi
78 tongue (organ) kũ
79 fingernail pyapẽ
80 foot py
81 leg tetyma
82 knee penarã
83 hand po
84 wing pepo
85 belly tye
86 guts py'akue
87 neck ajúra
88 back ape
89 breast káma
90 heart ñe'ã
91 liver py'akue
92 to drink -'u
93 to eat karu, -'u
94 to bite su'u
95 to suck pyte
96 to spit ndyvu
97 to vomit gue'ẽ
98 to blow peju
99 to breathe pytuhẽ
100 to laugh puka
101 to see hecha
102 to hear hendu
103 to know kuaa
104 to think mo'ã
105 to smell hetũ
106 to fear kyhyje
107 to sleep ke
108 to live kove
109 to die mano
110 to kill juka
111 to fight ñorairõ
112 to hunt japi (?)
113 to hit japete
114 to cut kytỹ
115 to split vo
116 to stab kutu
117 to scratch karãi
118 to dig jo'o
119 to swim yta
120 to fly veve
121 to walk guata
122 to come ju
123 to lie (as in a bed) ty (action)
124 to sit guapy (action)
125 to stand pu'ã (action)
126 to turn (intransitive) pyryrỹi
127 to fall -'a
128 to give me'ẽ
129 to hold reko
130 to squeeze jopy
131 to rub kyty
132 to wash johéi
133 to wipe ky'a'o
134 to pull nohẽ
135 to push muaña
136 to throw ty
137 to tie ñapytĩ
138 to sew mbovyvy
139 to count papa
140 to say -e
141 to sing purahéi
142 to play ñembosarái
143 to float vevúi
144 to flow syry
145 to freeze mbohypy'a
146 to swell vu
147 sun kuarahy
148 moon jasy
149 star mbyja
150 water y
151 rain ama
152 river ysyry
153 lake ypa
154 sea para
155 salt juky
156 stone ita
157 sand yvyku'i
158 dust yvytimbo
159 earth yvy
160 cloud arai
161 fog tatatína
162 sky yvága
163 wind yvytu
164 snow yrypy'a
165 ice yrypy'a
166 smoke tatatĩ, timbo
167 fire tata
168 ash kusugue, tanimbu
169 to burn kái /hapy
170 road tape
171 mountain yvaty, yvyty
172 red pytã
173 green sa'yky
174 yellow sa'yju
175 white morotĩ
176 black hũ
177 night pyhare
178 day ára
179 year ary
180 warm haku
181 cold ro'y
182 full enyhẽ
183 new pyahu
184 old tuja
185 good porã, pupu
186 bad vai
187 rotten tuju
188 dirty ky'a
189 straight joja
190 round apu'a
191 sharp (as a knife) haimbe
192 dull (as a knife) haimbe'ỹ
193 smooth sỹi
194 wet hykue
195 dry kã
196 correct heko porã
197 near aguĩ
198 far mombyry
199 right akatúape
200 left asúpe
201 at -pe
202 in -pe, pýpe
203 with ndive
204 and ha
205 if ... rõ
206 because ajeve
207 name téra

See also

Bibliography

  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN
Swadesh lists
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Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
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