Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/ka-

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Proto-Austronesian

Pronunciation

Prefix

*ka-

  1. (Formosa) inchoative
  2. stative
  3. past time
  4. accompanied action/person
  5. abstract noun formative
  6. manner in which an action is carried out
  7. past participle

Descendants

  • Formosan
    • Bunun: ka-
    • Puyuma: ka- (“stative marker”)
    • Rukai: (Mantauran) ka- (“in fact, indeed, actually”)
    • Saisiyat: ka- (“verb nominalization marker”)
    • Thao: ka- (“to make; two times”)
  • Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *ka-
    • Proto-Philippine:
      • Batanic
        • Yami: ka- (“company, as ... as, abstract noun; and then, just now, only; stative verb prefix reappearing in forming transitive verbs; very (reduplicated root); animals named after certain features (reduplicated root)”)
      • Greater Central Philippine
        • Central Philippine
          • Tagalog: ka-
          • Coastal Bikol
            • Bikol Central: ka-
          • Bisayan/Visayan
    • Western Indonesian
    • Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
      • Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian:
        • Proto-Oceanic:
          • Micronesian
            • Central Micronesian
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