Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/esti

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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Verb

*esti

  1. to be

Inflection

Athematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *esmi *esēmam ? ?
2nd singular *esi *esētās ? ?
3rd singular *esti *esēto ? ?
1st plural *esmosi *esēmo ? ?
2nd plural *estesi *esēstē ? ?
3rd plural *senti *esēnto ? ?
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *esū ?
2nd singular *esesi ? *es
3rd singular *eseti ? *estou
1st plural *esomosi ? *smos
2nd plural *esetesi ? *ste
3rd plural *esonti ? *sentou

Descendants

  • Gaulish: immi
  • Old Irish: is
    • Irish: is
    • Scottish Gaelic: is
  • Old Welsh: is (3sg), (h)int (3pl.)

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 118
  2. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 53