Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/esti

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 This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Verb

*esti

  1. to be

Inflection

Athematic present
Active voice
Present Imperfect Future Preterite
1st singular *esmi *esēmam ? —
2nd singular *esi *esētās ? —
3rd singular *esti *esēto ? —
1st plural *esmosi *esēmo ? —
2nd plural *estesi *esēstē ? —
3rd plural *senti *esēnto ? —
Pres. subjunctive Past subjunctive Imperative
1st singular *esū ? —
2nd singular *esesi ? *es
3rd singular *eseti ? *estou
1st plural *esomosi ? *smos
2nd plural *esetesi ? *ste
3rd plural *esonti ? *sentou
Declension of the present participle
masculine singular dual plural
nominative *sonts *sonte *sontes
vocative *sonts *sonte *sontes
accusative *sontam *sonte *sontans
genitive *santos *? *santom
dative *santei *santbom *santbos
instrumental *santī? *santbim *santbis
feminine singular dual plural
nominative *santī *santī *santiyās
vocative *santī *santī *santiyās
accusative *santīm *santī *santiyans
genitive *santyās *? *santyom
dative *santyāi *santyābom *santyābos
instrumental *? *santyābim *santyābis
neuter singular dual plural
nominative *sont *? *sonta
vocative *sont *? *sonta
accusative *sont *? *sonta
genitive *santos *? *santom
dative *santei *? *santbos
instrumental *santī? *? *santbis

Descendants

  • Gaulish: immi[1]
  • Old Irish: is (3sg), it (3pl.)
    • Irish: is
    • Scottish Gaelic: is
  • Old Breton: is (3sg), int (3pl.)
  • Old Welsh: is (3sg), (h)int (3pl.)[2]
    • Welsh: ys (pres.impers), ŷnt (3pl.)

References

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 118
  2. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
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