Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Athematic root present of *h₁es- (“to be”).

*h₁ésti (imperfective)^[1]

1. to be

• Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Albanian: *esmi
  • Albanian: jam, (3sg.) është
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: եմ (em), ես (es), է (ē), են (en), (probably) -ի- (-i-) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (*esmi, *esi, *esti)
  • Latgalian: byut (asmu, esi, etc. (except ir))
  • Latvian: būt (esmu, esi, etc. (except ir))
  • Lithuanian: būti (esu, esi, etc. (except yra))
  • Old Prussian: ast
  • Proto-Slavic: *byti (*(j)esmь, *(j)esi, *(j)estь) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi
  • Ancient Greek: εἰμί (eimí)

    Aeolic: ἔμμι (émmi)

    Cretan: ἠμί (ēmí)

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *som, *ezom (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: ste (“is”)