Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/līwos
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)lih₃-wó-s, from *(s)leh₃y- + *-wós.
Noun
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *līwos | *līwou | *līwoi |
| vocative | *līwe | *līwou | *līwoi |
| accusative | *līwom | *līwou | *līwons |
| genitive | *līwī | *līwous | *līwom |
| dative | *līwūi | *līwobom | *līwobos |
| locative | *līwei | *? | *? |
| instrumental | *līwū | *līwobim | *līwūis |
Descendants
See also
| *bānos, *loukos, *windos | *ɸleitos, *blāros | *dubus |
| *roudos; *dergos | *dusnos | *blāwos, *melinos |
| *glastos | ||
| *gurmos | ||
Etymology 2
Uncertain. In the traditional view, cognate with Albanian lerë (“boulder; rockslide”), Old Armenian լեառն (leaṙn, “mountain”) and Ancient Greek λᾶας (lâas, “stone”). Both the Proto-Indo-European reconstructions *léh₁u-s ~ *l̥h₁w-és as per Matasović and *lḗh₂-wr̥ ⇒ *lēh₂-wn̥-k- as per Nikolaev fail to explain Middle Irish (Book of Leinster) lecaib (dat.pl.) primarily due to their inclusion of *-w-, as noted by Zair, who explicitly rejects the reconstruction of Proto-Celtic *līw- and opts instead for either *lesank- or *leɸank-. Note that this would exclude *lausā, *lausankā and *lawā (see under Related terms below) as formal cognates. Furthermore, Mycenaean Greek 𐀨𐀁𐀊 (ra-e-ja, “stone”) would have to reflect *leh₁- or *leh₂- without a final *-w- (or u-stem suffix); for this reason many authors reject the Greek comparison and are skeptical of Indo-European origin, though Doric Greek λεύς (leús) and the verb λεύω (leúō, “to stone”) could still be related (unless from an unrelated Proto-Indo-European *lews-), complicating the matter. Even if these “stone” words are all cognate, their Mediterranean distribution is suspicious, as is the exclusively nominal function of the root. Thus, a possible explanation for the unusual suffix *-ank- and the many irregularities prohibiting an Indo-European etymology is substrate origin.
Noun
*līwos m
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *līwos | *līwou | *līwoi |
| vocative | *līwe | *līwou | *līwoi |
| accusative | *līwom | *līwou | *līwons |
| genitive | *līwī | *līwous | *līwom |
| dative | *līwūi | *līwobom | *līwobos |
| locative | *līwei | *? | *? |
| instrumental | *līwū | *līwobim | *līwūis |
Alternative reconstructions
Related terms
- ? *lausā (< *l̥h₁w-s-éh₂)
- ? *lawā (< *l̥h₁w-éh₂)
Derived terms
Descendants
- Old Irish: lie (nom-voc.sg.)
References
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*liwo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 242
- ^ Falileyev, Alexander (2000) “liu”, in Etymological Glossary of Old Welsh (Buchreihe der Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie; 18), Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 105
- ^ Koch, John (2004) “*līwo(s)-”, in English–Proto-Celtic Word-list with attested comparanda, University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies, pages 68-69
- ^ Delamarre, Xavier (2003) “liuo- > lio-”, in Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental (Collection des Hespérides; 9), 2nd edition, Éditions Errance, →ISBN, page 205
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*līwank-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 242
- ^ Nikolaev, Alexander (2010) “Time to gather stones together: Greek λᾶας and its Indo-European background”, in Stephanie W. Jamison, H. Craig Melchert, Brent Vine, editors, Proceedings of the 21st Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference: Los Angeles, October 30th and 31st, 2009, Bremen: Hempen Verlag, →ISBN, pages 189–206
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 252–253
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “λᾶας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 817-8
- ^ Pronk, Tijmen (2019) “Eichner’s law: a critical survey of the evidence”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft, volume 73, number 1, Munich: J.H. Röll Verlag, →ISSN, page 134–135 of 121–155, example 13
- ^ Greimas, A.J. (1969) “lose”, in Dictionnaire de l'ancien francais jusq'uau milieu du XIVe siècle (in French), Paris: Larousse, page 374a
- ^ Alibert, Louis (1965) “lausange”, in Dictionnaire occitan - français : d'après les parlers languedociens (in French), Toulouse: Institut d' Etudes occitanes, →ISBN