Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/regeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (to be straightening), the thematic root verb of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (to straighten). Cognates with Latin rego (“I rule”) and Sanskrit राजति (rā́jati, “to direct; to steer; to rule”).

Verb

*regeti

to stretch
to straighten

Inflection

Thematic present
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*regū	*regemam	*rixsū	—
2nd singular	*regesi	*regetās	*rixsesi	—
3rd singular	*regeti	*regeto	*rixseti	—
1st plural	*regomosi	*regemo	*rixsomosi	—
2nd plural	*regetesi	*regestē	*rixsetesi	—
3rd plural	*regonti	*regento	*rixsonti	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*rexsū	?	—
2nd singular	*rexsesi	?	*rege
3rd singular	*rexseti	?	*regetou
1st plural	*rexsomosi	?	*regomos
2nd plural	*rexsetesi	?	*regete
3rd plural	*rexsonti	?	*regontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*regūr	—	*rixsūr	—
2nd singular	*regetar	—	*rixsetar	—
3rd singular	*regetor	?	*rixsetor	—
1st plural	*regommor	—	*rixsommor	—
2nd plural	*regedwe	—	*rixsedwe	—
3rd plural	*regontor	?	*rixsontor	—
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*rexsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*rexsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*rexsetor	—	—
1st plural	*rexsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*rexsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*rexsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*regonts	*regonte	*regontes
vocative	*regonts	*regonte	*regontes
accusative	*regontam	*regonte	*regontans
genitive	*regantos	*?	*regantom
dative	*regantei	*regantbom	*regantbos
instrumental	*regantī?	*regantbim	*regantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*regantī	*regantī	*regantiyās
vocative	*regantī	*regantī	*regantiyās
accusative	*regantīm	*regantī	*regantiyans
genitive	*regantyās	*?	*regantyom
dative	*regantyāi	*regantyābom	*regantyābos
instrumental	*?	*regantyābim	*regantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*regont	*?	*regonta
vocative	*regont	*?	*regonta
accusative	*regont	*?	*regonta
genitive	*regantos	*?	*regantom
dative	*regantei	*?	*regantbos
instrumental	*regantī?	*?	*regantbis

Declension of the middle participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*regomnos	*regomnou	*regomnoi
vocative	*regomne	*regomnou	*regomnoi
accusative	*regomnom	*regomnou	*regomnons
genitive	*regomnī	*regomnous	*regomnom
dative	*regomnūi	*regomnobom	*regomnobos
instrumental	*regomnū	*regomnobim	*regomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*regomnā	*regomnai	*regomnās
vocative	*regomnā	*regomnai	*regomnās
accusative	*regomnam	*regomnai	*regomnans
genitive	*regomnās	*regomnous	*regomnom
dative	*regomnai	*regomnābom	*regomnābos
instrumental	*?	*regomnābim	*regomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*regomnom	*regomnou	*regomnā
vocative	*regomnom	*regomnou	*regomnā
accusative	*regomnom	*regomnou	*regomnā
genitive	*regomnī	*regomnous	*regomnom
dative	*regomnūi	*regomnobom	*regomnobos
instrumental	*regomnū	*regomnobim	*regomnobis

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*rextos	*rextou	*rextoi
vocative	*rexte	*rextou	*rextoi
accusative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextons
genitive	*rextī	*rextous	*rextom
dative	*rextūi	*rextobom	*rextobos
instrumental	*rextū	*rextobim	*rextobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*rextā	*rextai	*rextās
vocative	*rextā	*rextai	*rextās
accusative	*rextam	*rextai	*rextans
genitive	*rextās	*rextous	*rextom
dative	*rextai	*rextābom	*rextābos
instrumental	*?	*rextābim	*rextābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextā
vocative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextā
accusative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextā
genitive	*rextī	*rextous	*rextom
dative	*rextūi	*rextobom	*rextobos
instrumental	*rextū	*rextobim	*rextobis

Derived terms

*reginis
*dū-regeti (“to issue”)
- Celtiberian: tureita (past. part. fem.), tures (pret. 3sg.)
*exs-regeti
- Old Irish: at·reig, ad·reig
  - Middle Irish: éirgid
    - Irish: éirigh
    - Manx: irree
    - Scottish Gaelic: èirich
*ɸeri-regeti
*to-regeti
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Middle Welsh: dyrein
    - Welsh: dyrain
*ud-regeti? *eɸi-regeti? (the latter according to Hamp; the former according to almost everyone else)
- Proto-Brythonic: *uɨrėɣɨd
  - Middle Welsh: wyrein (verbal noun), wyre (3sg. pres.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: arwyrein
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dygynwyre (3sg.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dwyre
      - Welsh: dwyre
      - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dwyrein, duyrein (“east”)
        Welsh: dwyrain (“east”)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: erwyre (3sg. pres.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: gorwyrein
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyuarwyre (3sg. pres.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyfdwyreei (3sg. imperf.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyfwyrein
*uɸor-regeti
- Proto-Brythonic: *gworraɣ (3sg.), gworrɨɣ- (1sg., 1pl., 3pl. stem)
  - Old Breton: gurre
    - Middle Breton: gourren
      - Breton: gorren
  - Middle Cornish: gorre
    - Cornish: gorra

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *rrėɣɨd
- Middle Breton: re
  - Breton: ren
- Middle Welsh: re
  - Welsh: rhe
  - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dyganrein
  - ⇒ Middle Welsh: olrein
    - Welsh: olrhain
  - ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymrein (“to have sex”)
    - Welsh: ymrain
Gaulish: reguc (1sg. pres), rexetesi (2pl. subj.)

References

^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 274

[1] Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 274