Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/regeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃réǵeti (to be straightening), the thematic root verb of the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ- (to straighten). Cognates with Latin rego (“I rule”) and Sanskrit राजति (rā́jati, “to direct; to steer; to rule”).

Verb

*regeti

to stretch
to straighten

Inflection

Thematic present, suffixless preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*regū	*regemam	*rixsū	?
2nd singular	*regesi	*regetās	*rixsesi	?
3rd singular	*regeti	*regeto	*rixseti	?
1st plural	*regomosi	*regemo	*rixsomosi	?
2nd plural	*regetesi	*regestē	*rixsetesi	?
3rd plural	*regonti	*regento	*rixsonti	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*rexsū	?	—
2nd singular	*rexsesi	?	*rege
3rd singular	*rexseti	?	*regetou
1st plural	*rexsomosi	?	*regomos
2nd plural	*rexsetesi	?	*regete
3rd plural	*rexsonti	?	*regontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*regūr	—	*rixsūr	?
2nd singular	*regetar	—	*rixsetar	?
3rd singular	*regetor	?	*rixsetor	?
1st plural	*regommor	—	*rixsommor	?
2nd plural	*regedwe	—	*rixsedwe	?
3rd plural	*regontor	?	*rixsontor	?
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*rexsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*rexsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*rexsetor	—	—
1st plural	*rexsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*rexsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*rexsontor	—	—

Declension of the past participle
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*rextos	*rextou	*rextoi
vocative	*rexte	*rextou	*rextoi
accusative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextoms
genitive	*rextī	*rextous	*rextom
dative	*rextūi	*rextobom	*rextobos
instrumental	*rextū	*rextobim	*rextobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*rextā	*rextai	*rextās
vocative	*rextā	*rextai	*rextās
accusative	*rextam	*rextai	*rextams
genitive	*rextās	*rextous	*rextom
dative	*rextai	*rextābom	*rextābos
instrumental	*?	*rextābim	*rextābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextā
vocative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextā
accusative	*rextom	*rextou	*rextā
genitive	*rextī	*rextous	*rextom
dative	*rextūi	*rextobom	*rextobos
instrumental	*rextū	*rextobim	*rextobis

Derived terms

*reginis
*dū-regeti (“to issue”)
- Celtiberian: tureita (past. part. fem.), tures (pret. 3sg.)
*exs-regeti
- Old Irish: at·reig, ad·reig
  - Middle Irish: éirgid
    - Irish: éirigh
    - Manx: irree
    - Scottish Gaelic: èirich
*ɸeri-regeti
*to-regeti
- Proto-Brythonic:
  - Middle Welsh: dyrein
    - Welsh: dyrain
*ud-regeti? *eɸi-regeti? (the latter according to Hamp; the former according to almost everyone else)^[1]
- Proto-Brythonic: *uɨrėɣɨd
  - Middle Welsh: wyrein (verbal noun), wyre (3sg. pres.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: arwyrein
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dygynwyre (3sg.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dwyre
      - Welsh: dwyre
      - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dwyrein, duyrein (“east”)
        Welsh: dwyrain (“east”)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: erwyre (3sg. pres.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: gorwyrein
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyuarwyre (3sg. pres.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyfdwyreei (3sg. imperf.)
    - ⇒ Middle Welsh: kyfwyrein
*uɸor-regeti
- Proto-Brythonic: *gworraɣ (3sg.), gworrɨɣ- (1sg., 1pl., 3pl. stem)
  - Old Breton: gurre
    - Middle Breton: gourren
      - Breton: gorren
  - Middle Cornish: gorre
    - Cornish: gorra

Descendants

Proto-Brythonic: *rrėɣɨd
- Middle Breton: re
  - Breton: ren
- Middle Welsh: re
  - Welsh: rhe
  - ⇒ Middle Welsh: dyganrein
  - ⇒ Middle Welsh: olrein
    - Welsh: olrhain
  - ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymrein (“to have sex”)
    - Welsh: ymrain
Gaulish: reguc (1sg. pres), rexetesi (2pl. subj.)

References

^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 274

[1] Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 274

[1]