Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/soomi

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 This Proto-Finnic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Finnic

Alternative forms

  • *sooma (possibly, based on the derived term)

Etymology

From earlier *sämä; cognate with Proto-Samic *sāmē.[1][2][3][4] Further etymology uncertain. Several theories have been proposed (mostly incompatible with the currently accepted proto-form *sämä), but none have been accepted.

One theory, proposed by Koivulehto among others, stated that the word originated from Baltic *šāma-, via Pre-Proto-Finnic *šämä from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē (“ground”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm; the vowel correspondences being explained by reborrowing back and forth, possibly with a late Proto-Germanic borrowing. The progress would have roughly been Proto-Indo-European *dʰéǵʰōm > Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē (“ground”) → Pre-Proto-Finnic *šämä (> Proto-Finnic *hämä, Proto-Samic *sāmē) → Proto-Balto-Slavic *šāma- (or *sāma-, in view of Latvian sāms (“Finn, Öselian (inhabitant of Saaremaa)”), Latvian sāmenis (“northern wind”) and dialectal Lithuanian sómenis (“northwestern wind”), unless the Lithuanian word is a borrowing from Latvian) → (through Proto-Germanic?) Proto-Finnic *sooma.[5] Koivulehto originally proposed that Proto-Balto-Slavic *šāma- would have been borrowed through Proto-Samic specifically.[6] However, this theory assumes an improbable back-and-forth chain of borrowings, relying on too many unconfirmed assumptions, and thus has to be rejected (especially in light of current information).[7][4]

Another theory proposed an origin from an earlier supposed *ćoma (“human”), either borrowed from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰmṓ or from pre-Proto-Balto-Slavic *ǵʰom-yā-.[7] With the new information that the earlier form is actually *sämä, these too have to be rejected.[3]

Antique ad-hoc proposals that the word is derived from *soo-maa (literally “fen land”) or *soo-neemi (literally “fen cape”), or from *soomu (“(fish) scale”) have long been considered untenable.

Noun

*soomi

  1. person from Southwest Finland
  2. (later) ? Finn in general

Inflection

Inflection of *soomi
Note: The Proto-Finnic declension system is yet to be reconstructed in detail. What is presented here is only one possibility.
singular plural
nominative *soomi *soomët
accusative *soomën *soomët
genitive *soomën *soondën
*soomidën
partitive *soonta *soomida
inessive *soomëssa
*soomëhna 		*soomissa
*soomihna
elative *soomësta *soomista
illative *soomëhën *soomihën
adessive *soomëlla *soomilla
ablative *soomëlta *soomilta
allative *soomëlën
*soomëlëk 		*soomilën
*soomilëk
essive *soomëna *soomina
translative *soomëksi *soomiksi
instructive *soomën *soomin
comitative *soomënëk *soominëk
abessive *soomëtta *soomitta

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

  • Itkonen, Erkki, Kulonen, Ulla-Maija, editors (1992–2000), Suomen sanojen alkuperä [The origin of Finnish words]‎ (in Finnish) (online version; note: also includes other etymological sources; this source is labeled "SSA 1992–2000"), Helsinki: Institute for the Languages of Finland/Finnish Literature Society, →ISBN
  • Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

References

  1. ^ Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), “Suomi”, in Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72)‎ (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN
  2. ^ Sanojen alkuperästä: Suomi. Kotimaisten kielten keskus.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kallio, Petri, in lectures at the University of Helsinki.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Pystynen, Juho. Itämerensuomen pitkien vokaalien alkuperä (2018). Master's thesis. University of Helsinki. p. 84.
  5. ^ de Smit, Merlijn (unpublished draft) “De Vanitate Etymologiae. On the origins of Suomi, Häme, Sápmi.”, in Academia.edu‎, Academia, Inc.
  6. ^ Koivulehto, Jorma. Suomi (1993). Virittäjä, volume 97, issue 3.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kallio, Petri. Suomi(ttavia etymologioita) (1998). Virittäjä, volume 102, issue 4.
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