Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bakaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*bakkaną (see note below in Descendants)

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *bʰh₃g-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₃g- (“to roast, bake”). Related to Ancient Greek φώγω (phṓgō, “to roast”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*bakaną

to bake

Inflection

Conjugation of *bakaną (strong class 6)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*bakō	*bakaų	—	*bakai	?
2nd singular	*bakizi	*bakaiz	*bak	*bakazai	*bakaizau
3rd singular	*bakidi	*bakai	*bakadau	*bakadai	*bakaidau
1st dual	*bakōz	*bakaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*bakadiz	*bakaidiz	*bakadiz	—	—
1st plural	*bakamaz	*bakaim	—	*bakandai	*bakaindau
2nd plural	*bakid	*bakaid	*bakid	*bakandai	*bakaindau
3rd plural	*bakandi	*bakain	*bakandau	*bakandai	*bakaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*bōk	*bōkį̄
2nd singular	*bōht	*bōkīz
3rd singular	*bōk	*bōkī
1st dual	*bōkū	*bōkīw
2nd dual	*bōkudiz	*bōkīdiz
1st plural	*bōkum	*bōkīm
2nd plural	*bōkud	*bōkīd
3rd plural	*bōkun	*bōkīn

	present	past
participles	*bakandz	*bakanaz

Related terms

*bakkōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *bakan
- Old English: bacan
  - Middle English: baken, bakyn, bake, bakenn
    - English: bake
    - Scots: bake
    - → Irish: bácáil
- Old Frisian: *baka, *bakka
  - North Frisian:
    Amrum, Feer: baag
    Hoolmer, Mooring, Ockholm: bååge
    Langenhorn, Hoorninger, Wiedingharder: baage
    Sylt: baak
  - Saterland Frisian: boake
  - West Frisian: bakke
- Old Saxon: bakkan
  - Middle Low German: backen
    - Westphalian:
      Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: backen
      Sauerländisch: backen
      Westmünsterländisch: backen
    - Plautdietsch: baken
- Old Dutch: *bakan, *bakkan
  - Middle Dutch: baken, backen
    - Dutch: bakken
      - → Sranan Tongo: baka
- Old High German: bahhan, backan
  - Middle High German: bachen, backen
    - Bavarian: båchn
    - German: backen, (early, dialectal) bachen
    - Luxembourgish: baken
    - Yiddish: באַקן (bakn)
Old Norse: baka
- Icelandic: baka
- Faroese: baka
- Norn: båke
- Norwegian Nynorsk: baka
- Elfdalian: båkå
- Old Swedish: baka
  - Swedish: baka
- Danish: bage
  - Norwegian Bokmål: bake
- Old Gutnish: baka
  - Gutnish: bake

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bak(k)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 49
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*bakanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 33
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “BAK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 87

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*bak(k)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 49

[2] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*bakanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 33

[3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “BAK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 87