Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/barjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“to pierce, strike”). Cognate with Latin ferīre (“to beat, strike”), Proto-Slavic *borniti (“to defend”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*barjaną^[1]^[2]

to beat, strike

Inflection

Conjugation of *barjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*barjō	*barjaų	—	*barjai	?
2nd singular	*barisi	*barjais	*bari	*barjasai	*barjaisau
3rd singular	*bariþi	*barjai	*barjaþau	*barjaþai	*barjaiþau
1st dual	*barjōs	*barjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*barjaþiz	*barjaiþiz	*barjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*barjamaz	*barjaim	—	*barjanþai	*barjainþau
2nd plural	*bariþ	*barjaiþ	*bariþ	*barjanþai	*barjainþau
3rd plural	*barjanþi	*barjain	*barjanþau	*barjanþai	*barjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*baridǭ	*baridēdį̄
2nd singular	*baridēz	*baridēdīz
3rd singular	*baridē	*baridēdī
1st dual	*baridēdū	*baridēdīw
2nd dual	*baridēdudiz	*baridēdīdiz
1st plural	*baridēdum	*baridēdīm
2nd plural	*baridēdud	*baridēdīd
3rd plural	*baridēdun	*baridēdīn

	present	past
participles	*barjandz	*baridaz

Related terms

*barō

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *barjan
- Old English: berian (attested as ġebered (ppt))
  - Middle English: berien, beryen
    - Scots: berrie, berry, barrie
    - English: berry (verb)
- (Old Frisian: ber)
- Old High German: berjan, perjan, berien, *berren
  - Middle High German: berjen, berren, beren, bern
    - German: beren
Old Norse: berja
- Icelandic: berja
- Faroese: berja
- Norwegian: berja, berje
- Old Swedish: bæria
  - Swedish: bärja
- Old Danish: bærie
  - Danish: bærje
- Elfdalian: berras

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*barjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*barjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*barjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 53

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*barjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 37

[1]

[2]