Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰerH-^[1]

to pierce
to strike

Extensions

*bʰer-dʰ-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: πέρθω (pérthō)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (pierce) (46 c, 0 e)

*bʰorH-(e)-ti (o-grade root present?)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bárˀtei
  - Latgalian: buort
  - Latvian: bãrt
  - Lithuanian: bárti
  - Proto-Slavic: *bòrti (see there for further descendants)
*bʰér-ye-ti (with synchronic laryngeal deletion as in *wéryeti)^{[note 1]}
- Proto-Albanian: *berja (“to strike > to fall”)
  - Albanian: bie, bjej, bjerr
- Proto-Italic: *ferjō^[2]
  - Latin: feriō (see there for further descendants)
*bʰorH-ye-ti (o-grade ye-present?)
- Proto-Germanic: *barjaną (see there for further descendants)
*bʰorH-eh₂yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *forāō^[3] (or from *bʰorH-ye-ti above?)^{[note 1]}
  - Latin: forō (see there for further descendants)
*bʰer-ano-
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բերան (beran, “mouth”)
    - Armenian: բերան (beran)
*bʰorH-ni-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *barˀnis (see there for further descendants)
*bʰr̥H-eh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *burō > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
  - Old High German: bora
*bʰr̥H-o-m
- Proto-Germanic: *burą > (?) *burōną (see there for further descendants)
  - Old English: bor
  - Old Saxon: *bor
    - Middle Low German: bor
Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Albanian: *birjā
  - Albanian: birë (“hole, orifice, opening”)
- Proto-Albanian: *brima^[4]
  - Albanian: brimë (“hole”)
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բիր (bir)
    - Armenian: բիր (bir)
- >? Sanskrit: श्वभ्र (śvábhra)
- >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *burˀnāˀ (“snout”) (see there for further descendants)

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan maintains that the root-final laryngeal was vocalized in Latin, against the controversial *CHY > *CY rule of which he makes no mention. To explain Latin feriō, he suggests that the laryngeal was lost prevocalically in other formations and that the new root *bʰer- was back-formed to those.

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 133–134
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “feriō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213: “PIt. *fer-je/o-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “forō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 235–236: “PIt. *foraje/o-”
^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

Alternative reconstructions

*bʰer-^[1]^[2]

Root

*bʰerH-^[3]^[4]

brown

Notes

Ringe doubts the existence of this root, stating "an actual PIE word of shape and meaning is not recoverable".^[2]

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (brown) (75 c, 0 e)

*bʰérH-ō ~ *bʰr̥H-nés^[3] (possibly, alternatively perhaps from *ǵʰwer- (“wild (animal)”)^[2])
- Proto-Germanic: *berô (“bear”) (see there for further descendants)
*bʰerH-o-s^[4]^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bērˀas (“bay, reddish brown”) (secondary lengthening^[4])
  - Lithuanian: bė́ras
  - Latvian: bȩ̃rs
*bʰérH-u-s ~ *bʰr̥H-éw-s^[5] (possibly)
- ⇒ *bʰruH-nó-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-nó-s)
  - Proto-Germanic: *brūnaz (“brown”)^[6] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Hellenic:
    - >? Ancient Greek: φρῡ́νη (phrū́nē, “toad”)^[6]^[7]
- ⇒ *bʰruH-ró-s (possibly from metathesized *bʰr̥Hu-ró-s)
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰruHrás^[8]
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰruHrás
      - Sanskrit: *भ्रूर (bhrūra)
        Hindi: भूरा (bhūrā, “brown”)
    - Proto-Iranian: *buHráh (“reddish/yellowish-brown”)
      - Ossetian: (“yellow”)
        Digor Ossetian: бор (bor)
        
        Iron Ossetian: бур (bur)
      - Khotanese: (baurakhä, “yellow leaf”)
      - Sogdian: (/⁠βōr⁠/, “blonde”)
        Syriac script: ܒܘܪ (βwr)
      - Yagnobi: вур (vur, “brown”)
      - Yidgha: وور (vūr, “pale red”)
      - Baluchi: بور (/⁠bōr⁠/, “bay horse”)
      - Northern Kurdish: bor (“grey”)
      - Middle Persian: (/⁠bōr⁠/, “reddish-brown, bay ”)
        Book Pahlavi script: (bwl)
        
        ⇒ Old Uyghur: 𐽼𐽳𐽾 (bor, “wine”)
        
        Classical Persian: بور (bōr /⁠bōr⁠/, “reddish-brown”)
        Dari: بور (bōr /⁠bōr⁠/)
        
        Iranian Persian: بور (bur /⁠būr⁠/, “blonde, brown”)
        
        Tajik: бӯр (bür)
        
        → Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”)
        
        Northern Luri: بۊر (bur, “brown”)
- ⇒ *bʰé-bʰr-u-s (“beaver”)^[1]^[5]^[9] (possibly, or perhaps via *bʰé-bʰr̥ ~ *bʰi-bʰr-ós^[10]^[11])
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բորենի (boreni, “hyena”) (or borrowed from the Iranian cognate)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “5. bher-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 136-137
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*beran-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “bėras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ƀrūnaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φρύνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1594
^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*bhrūra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “bebras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 84-85
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 265
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*bebura-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-58

[note_1-2] 1.0 ^1.1 De Vaan maintains that the root-final laryngeal was vocalized in Latin, against the controversial *CHY > *CY rule of which he makes no mention. To explain Latin feriō, he suggests that the laryngeal was lost prevocalically in other formations and that the new root *bʰer- was back-formed to those.

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 133–134

[3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “feriō, -īre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 213: “PIt. *fer-je/o-”

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “forō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 235–236: “PIt. *foraje/o-”

[5] Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 163

[IEW-6] 1.0 ^1.1 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “5. bher-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 136-137

[Ringe-7] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 106

[EDPG_beran-8] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*beran-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 59-60

[EDBIL-9] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “bėras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 87

[IELC-10] 5.0 ^5.1 Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010) Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell

[HGE-11] 6.0 ^6.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ƀrūnaz I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 60

[12] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “φρύνη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1594

[13] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “*bhrūra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

[14] Derksen, Rick (2015) “bebras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 84-85

[15] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 265

[EDPG_bebura-16] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*bebura-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 57-58

[1]

[note 1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰerH-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Extensions

Derived terms

Notes

References

Alternative reconstructions

Root

Notes

Derived terms

References

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia