Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/falþaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *polt-, with suffixal -t-, from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑl.θɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*falþaną^[1]

to fold

Inflection

Conjugation of *falþaną (strong class 7c)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*falþō	*falþaų	—	*falþai	?
2nd singular	*falþizi	*falþaiz	*falþ	*falþazai	*falþaizau
3rd singular	*falþidi	*falþai	*falþadau	*falþadai	*falþaidau
1st dual	*falþōz	*falþaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*falþadiz	*falþaidiz	*falþadiz	—	—
1st plural	*falþamaz	*falþaim	—	*falþandai	*falþaindau
2nd plural	*falþid	*falþaid	*falþid	*falþandai	*falþaindau
3rd plural	*falþandi	*falþain	*falþandau	*falþandai	*falþaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*fefalþ	*fefaldį̄
2nd singular	*fefalst	*fefaldīz
3rd singular	*fefalþ	*fefaldī
1st dual	*fefaldū	*fefaldīw
2nd dual	*fefaldudiz	*fefaldīdiz
1st plural	*fefaldum	*fefaldīm
2nd plural	*fefaldud	*fefaldīd
3rd plural	*fefaldun	*fefaldīn

	present	past
participles	*falþandz	*faldanaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *falþan
- Old English: faldan, fealdan
  - Middle English: falden, folden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
    - Scots: fald, fauld
    - English: fold
- Old Frisian: *falda
  - ⇒ Saterland Frisian: foolden (past participle/adjective)
  - West Frisian: fâlde (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
- Old Saxon: faldan
  - Middle Low German: valden, volden, vōlden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
    - German Low German: folden, folgen, follen, folen
    - Plautdietsch: foljen
- Old Dutch: *faldan
  - Middle Dutch: vouden (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
    - Dutch: vouwen
      - Afrikaans: vou
- Old High German: faldan, faltan — less common
  - Middle High German: valden, valten (merged with weak form from Proto-West Germanic *faldōn)
    - German: falten
    - Luxembourgish: falen
Old Norse: falda
- Old Swedish: falda
  - Swedish: fålla
- Danish: folde
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐌰𐌽 (falþan)
- → Galician: faldra
- → Portuguese: fralda, falda
- → Spanish: falda

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*falþan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 126

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*falþan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 126

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