Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fastuz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*fastaz, *fastijaz

Etymology

Connected with Old Armenian հաստ (hast, “firm, steady, standing still, tough; thick, dense, broad”), possibly also Sanskrit पस्त्य n (pastyá, “stall, stable ← stable habitation”), पस्त्या f (pastyā́, “homestead, dwelling, household”), and usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *pastV- (“solid, stable”). Kroonen separates the Sanskrit and reconstructs the Proto-Indo-European root for Armenian and Germanic as *pHst-, according to him from earlier *ph₂ǵ-sth₂-, a compound of *peh₂ǵ- (“to become firm”) (compare Ancient Greek πήγνυμι (pḗgnumi, “to fasten, fix, make solid”)) and *steh₂- (“to stand”).

However, according to Martirosyan “we are hardly dealing with a Proto-Indo-European word,” rather a substrate word shared by Armenian, Germanic, and possibly also Indo-Aryan. See հաստ (hast) for more on this.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸɑs.tuz/

Adjective

*fastuz

fixed, firm, secure

Inflection

Declension of *fastuz (u-stem)
Strong declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*fastuz	*fastī	fastų, -jatō	*fastijai	*fastijôz	*fastijō
accusative	*fastijanǭ	*fastijǭ	fastų, -jatō	*fastijanz	*fastijōz	*fastijō
genitive	fastijas, fastīs	*fastijaizōz	fastijas, fastīs	*fastijaizǫ̂	*fastijaizǫ̂	*fastijaizǫ̂
dative	*fastijammai	*fastijaizōi	*fastijammai	*fastijaimaz	*fastijaimaz	*fastijaimaz
instrumental	*fastijanō	*fastijaizō	*fastijanō	*fastijaimiz	*fastijaimiz	*fastijaimiz

Weak declension
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*fastijô	*fastijǭ	*fastijô	*fastijaniz	*fastijōniz	*fastijōnō
accusative	*fastijanų	*fastijōnų	*fastijô	*fastijanunz	*fastijōnunz	*fastijōnō
genitive	*fastīniz	*fastijōniz	*fastīniz	*fastijanǫ̂	*fastijōnǫ̂	*fastijanǫ̂
dative	*fastīni	*fastijōni	*fastīni	*fastijammaz	*fastijōmaz	*fastijammaz
instrumental	*fastīnē	*fastijōnē	*fastīnē	*fastijammiz	*fastijōmiz	*fastijammiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *fast, *fastu, *fastī (Old Saxon and Old High German)
- Old English: fæst
  - Middle English: fæst, fest, fast
    - Scots: fest, fast
    - English: fast
- Old Frisian: fest
  - Saterland Frisian: fääst
  - West Frisian: fêst
- Old Saxon: fast
  - Middle Low German: fast, vast
    - Low German: fast
- Old Dutch: fast
  - Middle Dutch: vast
    - Dutch: vast
      - Afrikaans: vas
- Old High German: fast
  - Middle High German: fast, vast
    - Central Franconian: fass, fast
Proto-West Germanic: *fastī
- Old Saxon: festi
  - Middle Low German: feste, veste, vest
    - Low German: fest
- Old High German: festi
  - Middle High German: feste, veste
    - German: fest
Old Norse: fastr
- Icelandic: fastur
- Faroese: fastur
- Norwegian: fast
- Old Swedish: faster
  - Swedish: fast
- Danish: fast
Gothic: *𐍆𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (*fasts) (in derivatives)
Vandalic: *fast-

References

^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 204b
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fastu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “hast”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 390

[1] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 204b

[2] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*fastu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 138

[3] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “hast”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 390