Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furhtijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Factitive from *furhtaz (“fearful, afraid”) +‎ *-janą and denominative *furhtō (“fright, fear”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸurx.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*furhtijaną^[1]^[2]

to frighten, make afraid
to fear, be afraid

Inflection

Conjugation of *furhtijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*furhtijō	*furhtijaų	—	*furhtijai	?
2nd singular	*furhtīsi	*furhtijais	*furhtī	*furhtijasai	*furhtijaisau
3rd singular	*furhtīþi	*furhtijai	*furhtijaþau	*furhtijaþai	*furhtijaiþau
1st dual	*furhtijōs	*furhtijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*furhtijaþiz	*furhtijaiþiz	*furhtijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*furhtijamaz	*furhtijaim	—	*furhtijanþai	*furhtijainþau
2nd plural	*furhtīþ	*furhtijaiþ	*furhtīþ	*furhtijanþai	*furhtijainþau
3rd plural	*furhtijanþi	*furhtijain	*furhtijanþau	*furhtijanþai	*furhtijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*furhtidǭ	*furhtidēdį̄
2nd singular	*furhtidēz	*furhtidēdīz
3rd singular	*furhtidē	*furhtidēdī
1st dual	*furhtidēdū	*furhtidēdīw
2nd dual	*furhtidēdudiz	*furhtidēdīdiz
1st plural	*furhtidēdum	*furhtidēdīm
2nd plural	*furhtidēdud	*furhtidēdīd
3rd plural	*furhtidēdun	*furhtidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*furhtijandz	*furhtidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *furhtijan
- Old English: fyrhtan
  - Middle English: fyrten
- Old Saxon: forhtian
- Old Dutch: *forhten, *furhten
  - Middle Dutch: vruchten
    - Dutch: vruchten
- Old High German: furhten, forhten, forahten
  - German: fürchten
  - Luxembourgish: fäerten
Gothic: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (faurhtjan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furhtjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 161: “w.v. ‘to fear’”
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*furxtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*furhtjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 161: “w.v. ‘to fear’”

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*furxtjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 120

[1]

[2]

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/furhtijaną

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