Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gazdaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Compare Latin hasta (“shaft; spear”). Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰast- (“rod, pole, bar, switch”), but, given the irregular phonetic variation and limited distribution, these are probably of non-Indo-European substrate origin.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑz.dɑz/

Noun

*gazdaz m

goad; spike

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *gazdaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*gazdaz	gazdōz, gazdōs
vocative	*gazd	gazdōz, gazdōs
accusative	*gazdą	*gazdanz
genitive	gazdas, gazdis	*gazdǫ̂
dative	*gazdai	*gazdamaz
instrumental	*gazdō	*gazdamiz

Synonyms

*gaidō

Derived terms

*gazdī ~ *gazdiz
- *gaʀdi (“rod”) (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gaʀd
- Old English: ġeard f
  - Middle English: ȝearde, ȝard (merged with descendant of Old English ġierd)
    - English: yard
    - Scots: yaird
- Old Saxon: gard m or f
  - Middle Low German: gart f
- Old Dutch: *gard
  - Middle Dutch: gart, gāert m
    - Dutch: gard
- Old High German: gart m
  - Middle High German: gart
    - German: Gart
Old Norse: gaddr
- Icelandic: gaddur
- Old Swedish: gadder
  - Swedish: gadd
- → Middle English: gadde, gad
  - English: gad
    - ⇒ English: gadfly
  - Scots: gaud
Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃 (gazds)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gazda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2004) “Avestan siiazd-, Sanskrit sedh-, Latin cēdere”, in Hyllested, Adam, Anders Jørgensen, Jenny Larsson and Thomas Olander, editors, Per Aspera ad Asteriscos: Studia indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMIV, Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, page 329/330 of 323–332
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hasta”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 280

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*gazda-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 172

[2] Lubotsky, Alexander (2004) “Avestan siiazd-, Sanskrit sedh-, Latin cēdere”, in Hyllested, Adam, Anders Jørgensen, Jenny Larsson and Thomas Olander, editors, Per Aspera ad Asteriscos: Studia indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMIV, Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, page 329/330 of 323–332

[EDL-3] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hasta”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 280