Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéleti, from *ḱel- (“to cover”). Cognate with Latin cēlō (“hide, cover, conceal”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxe.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*helaną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to hide, to conceal

Inflection

Conjugation of *helaną (strong class 4)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*helō	*helaų	—	*helai	?
2nd singular	*hilizi	*helaiz	*hel	*helazai	*helaizau
3rd singular	*hilidi	*helai	*heladau	*heladai	*helaidau
1st dual	*helōz	*helaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*heladiz	*helaidiz	*heladiz	—	—
1st plural	*helamaz	*helaim	—	*helandai	*helaindau
2nd plural	*hilid	*helaid	*hilid	*helandai	*helaindau
3rd plural	*helandi	*helain	*helandau	*helandai	*helaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hal	*hēlį̄
2nd singular	*halt	*hēlīz
3rd singular	*hal	*hēlī
1st dual	*hēlū	*hēlīw
2nd dual	*hēludiz	*hēlīdiz
1st plural	*hēlum	*hēlīm
2nd plural	*hēlud	*hēlīd
3rd plural	*hēlun	*hēlīn

	present	past
participles	*helandz	*hulanaz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *helan
- Old English: helan, hœ̄lan
  - Middle English: helen, helien (merger with helian)
    - English: hele, heel
    - Scots: heil
- Old Frisian: hela
  - West Frisian: hele
- Old Saxon: helan
- Old Dutch: *helan
  - Middle Dutch: hēlen
    - Dutch: helen
- Old High German: helan
  - Middle High German: heln
    - German: hehlen
    - → Swedish: häla, hälare

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*helan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xelanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 168
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “HEL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 252

[Kroonen-1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*helan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[Orel-2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xelanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 168

[Seebold-3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “HEL-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 252

[1]

[2]

[3]