Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōpijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *hrōpaz (“call, shout”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxrɔː.pi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hrōpijaną^[1]

To call; cry

Inflection

Conjugation of *hrōpijaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*hrōpijō	*hrōpijaų	—	*hrōpijai	?
2nd singular	*hrōpīsi	*hrōpijais	*hrōpī	*hrōpijasai	*hrōpijaisau
3rd singular	*hrōpīþi	*hrōpijai	*hrōpijaþau	*hrōpijaþai	*hrōpijaiþau
1st dual	*hrōpijōs	*hrōpijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hrōpijaþiz	*hrōpijaiþiz	*hrōpijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hrōpijamaz	*hrōpijaim	—	*hrōpijanþai	*hrōpijainþau
2nd plural	*hrōpīþ	*hrōpijaiþ	*hrōpīþ	*hrōpijanþai	*hrōpijainþau
3rd plural	*hrōpijanþi	*hrōpijain	*hrōpijanþau	*hrōpijanþai	*hrōpijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hrōpidǭ	*hrōpidēdį̄
2nd singular	*hrōpidēz	*hrōpidēdīz
3rd singular	*hrōpidē	*hrōpidēdī
1st dual	*hrōpidēdū	*hrōpidēdīw
2nd dual	*hrōpidēdudiz	*hrōpidēdīdiz
1st plural	*hrōpidēdum	*hrōpidēdīm
2nd plural	*hrōpidēdud	*hrōpidēdīd
3rd plural	*hrōpidēdun	*hrōpidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*hrōpijandz	*hrōpidaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpijan
- Old English: hrēpan
- Old Saxon: *hrōpian
  - ⇒ Old Saxon: *gihrōpian
    - ⇒ Old Saxon: gihrōpidi
- Old High German: *hruofen, ruofen
  - Middle High German: rüefen
Old Norse: hrœpa
- Danish: røbe
Gothic: 𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hrōpjan)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrōpjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 188

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*xrōpjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 188

[1]