Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/karilaz
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
Etymology
A diminutive of *karaz (but a Proto-Indo-European l-stem according to Kroonen 2013).[1] Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to become old, to grow”) and related to Ancient Greek γέρων (gérōn), Sanskrit जरन्त (jaranta), Old Armenian ծեր (cer), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬴𐬀𐬥𐬙- (azarəṣ̌ant-), Tocharian A kwär-, Tocharian B kwär-, Hittite (karu).[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
Noun
*karilaz m
- free man
- little man, young man
Inflection
| masculine a-stemDeclension of *karilaz (masculine a-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *karilaz | *karilōz, *karilōs | |
| vocative | *karil | *karilōz, *karilōs | |
| accusative | *karilą | *karilanz | |
| genitive | *karilas, *karilis | *karilǫ̂ | |
| dative | *karilai | *karilamaz | |
| instrumental | *karilō | *karilamiz | |
Usage notes
In Old English and Old Norse the descendants of this word are used to refer to men of a lower social class than the descendant terms of *erlaz, which specifically refer to nobles.
Descendants
Some descendants seem to indicate that the word lost its middle syllable (*karlaz), a common change across the Germanic languages.[3]
- Proto-West Germanic: *karil, *karul, *karl
- Proto-Norse: *ᚲᚨᚱᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*karilaʀ)[5]
- Old Norse: karl, kall
- Icelandic: karl
- Faroese: kallur
- Norwegian: kall, kar
- Jamtish: kall, karr (< *karaz)
- Elfdalian: kall
- Old Swedish: karilʀ[5][6]
- Swedish: karl
- Danish: karl, kal
- Norwegian Bokmål: kall
- ⇒ Old Norse: Karl (given name)[7]
- Icelandic: Karl, Carl
- Faroese: Karl
- Norwegian: Karl, Carl
- Old Swedish: Karl
- Old Danish: Karl
- ⇒ Old Norse: Karli, Karle, Kalli (diminutive)
- → English: Karl, Carl
- → Finnish: Karl
- → Sami: Kárral
- → Middle English: carl
- → Finnish: karilas[2]
- Old Norse: karl, kall
- → Proto-Samic: *kāllēs (see there for further descendants)
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*kerla- ~ *karla-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 285: “nom. *ǵérh₂-ōl, gen. *ǵrh₂-l-ós, acc. *ǵorh₂-él-m”
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Philippa, Marlies, Debrabandere, Frans, Quak, Arend, Schoonheim, Tanneke, van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009) Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 de Vries, J. Nederlandsch Etymologisch Woordenboek. 1971.
- ^ Wörterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache. ten Doornkaat Koolman, J., Volume 2. 1879. 199th page.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Journal of English and Germanic Philology. Volume II. 237th page.
- ^ Antiqvarisk Tidskrift för Sverige. Tionde Delen. 1887-1891. 305th page.
- ^ Pfaff, Judith (2018). Nordic Names. Web.