Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knudaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)).^[1]

• IPA^(key): /ˈknu.ðɑ.nɑ̃/

*knudaną

1. to knead

The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.

• *knuppaz
• *knuttōną
• *knuttô (possibly)

The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-.

• Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
  • Old English: cnedan
    • Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
      • English: knead
      • Scots: kned
  • Old Frisian: *kneda
    • Saterland Frisian: kneede
    • ⇒ West Frisian: knetsje
  • Old Saxon: knedan
    • Middle Low German: knēden
      • German Low German: kneden
  • Old Dutch: *knedan
    • Middle Dutch: cnēden
      • Dutch: kneden
        • Afrikaans: knee
  • Old High German: knetan
    • Middle High German: kneten
      • German: kneten
        • Esperanto: knedi
      • Luxembourgish: knieden
      • Vilamovian: knāta
      • Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
      • ⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan
• Old Norse: knoða
  • Icelandic: hnoða
  • Faroese: knoða
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: knode
  • Old Swedish: knodha
    • Swedish: knåda