Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knudaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)).[1]
Pronunciation
Verb
*knudaną
- to knead
Inflection
The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.
| active voice | passive voice | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive | |
| 1st singular | *knudō | *knudaų | — | *knudai | ? | |
| 2nd singular | *knudizi | *knudaiz | *knud | *knudazai | *knudaizau | |
| 3rd singular | *knudidi | *knudai | *knudadau | *knudadai | *knudaidau | |
| 1st dual | *knudōz | *knudaiw | — | — | — | |
| 2nd dual | *knudadiz | *knudaidiz | *knudadiz | — | — | |
| 1st plural | *knudamaz | *knudaim | — | *knudandai | *knudaindau | |
| 2nd plural | *knudid | *knudaid | *knudid | *knudandai | *knudaindau | |
| 3rd plural | *knudandi | *knudain | *knudandau | *knudandai | *knudaindau | |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | ||||
| 1st singular | *knaþ | *knēdį̄ | ||||
| 2nd singular | *knast | *knēdīz | ||||
| 3rd singular | *knaþ | *knēdī | ||||
| 1st dual | *knēdū | *knēdīw | ||||
| 2nd dual | *knēdudiz | *knēdīdiz | ||||
| 1st plural | *knēdum | *knēdīm | ||||
| 2nd plural | *knēdud | *knēdīd | ||||
| 3rd plural | *knēdun | *knēdīn | ||||
| present | past | |||||
| participles | *knudandz | *knudanaz | ||||
Related terms
Descendants
The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-.
- Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
- Old Norse: knoða
References
- ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*knedan- ~ *knudan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 295