Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreustaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Possibly related to Latvian skraustêt (“to crackle”) and Proto-Slavic *xrustěti (“to crackle”) (compare Russian хруст (xrust, “to crackle, crunch”), which is considered to be imitative).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkreu̯.stɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kreustaną^[1]

to gnash, to grind

Inflection

Conjugation of *kreustaną (strong class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*kreustō	*kreustaų	—	*kreustai	?
2nd singular	*kriustizi	*kreustaiz	*kreust	*kreustazai	*kreustaizau
3rd singular	*kriustidi	*kreustai	*kreustadau	*kreustadai	*kreustaidau
1st dual	*kreustōz	*kreustaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kreustadiz	*kreustaidiz	*kreustadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kreustamaz	*kreustaim	—	*kreustandai	*kreustaindau
2nd plural	*kriustid	*kreustaid	*kriustid	*kreustandai	*kreustaindau
3rd plural	*kreustandi	*kreustain	*kreustandau	*kreustandai	*kreustaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kraust	*krustį̄
2nd singular	*kraust	*krustīz
3rd singular	*kraust	*krustī
1st dual	*krustū	*krustīw
2nd dual	*krustudiz	*krustīdiz
1st plural	*krustum	*krustīm
2nd plural	*krustud	*krustīd
3rd plural	*krustun	*krustīn

	present	past
participles	*kreustandz	*krustanaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *krustijan
- → Late Latin: *crusciō
  - Old French: croissir (see there for further descendants)
Old Norse: *krjósta
- Icelandic: kreista
- Faroese: kroysta
- Old Swedish: krýsta
  - Swedish: krysta
Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kriustan)

References

^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kreustanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 221

[1] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*kreustanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 221

[1]