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Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European*sóh₂wl̥ ~ *sh₂wén-s(“sun”), though how and as what inflection type is uncertain. Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻(sauil) and Old Norse sól point to *s(ᵉ/ₒ)h₂wel- and *sᵉ/ₒh₂wul-, respectively,[1] which perhaps suggests an inherited l/n-stem paradigm *sōl (< *sōwul[notes 1]) ~ *sawiniz (or consonant stem *sōl ~ *sawiliz), with the Gothic leveled from the weak case.[2]
Alternatively reconstructed as *sōel (< *sōwel) ~ *suniz, from Proto-Indo-European*séh₂wel ~ *sh₂un-és,[3] and although this would account for the Gothic form, is problematic for the West Germanic and Old Norse forms, where one might expect the outcome in Old Saxon to be **sō(w)el, **sō(w)il, compare Old Saxon hnōil, from Proto-West Germanic *hnōil(“planer”).
↑ 2.02.1Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 136; 227: “PGmc *sō̄l”
↑ 3.03.1Guus Kroonen (2013) “*soel- ~ *sunnōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 463-464
↑ 4.04.1Kroonen, Guus (2011) The Proto-Germanic n-stems: A study in diachronic morphophonology, Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Nedoma, Robert (2017–2018) “Chapter IX: Germanic”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The documentation of Germanic, page 877: “*sōwulō”}
↑ 7.07.1Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*séh₂u̯el-, *sh₂(u)u̯en(?)-, *sh₂un-, *suh₂l-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 606: “germ. *sōwil-; germ. *sō(w)ul-”
↑ 8.08.1Hellquist, Elof (1922) “sol”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 821: “*sōwil- (-ul, *sowl-?; med bortfall av w i nord. spr.)”
^ Heidermanns, Frank (1993) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen Primäradjektive (Studia linguistica Germanica; 33) (in German), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 81: “sōwela-”