Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skakaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kek- (“to shake, stir”), with unexpected *-k- instead of *-h-, either through contamination or back-formation from the iterative *skakkōną (“to shake”).^[1] See *skehaną (“to jump, emerge”) for more cognates.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skakaną^[1]^[2]^[3]

to swing
to shake
to escape

Inflection

Conjugation of *skakaną (strong class 6)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skakō	*skakaų	—	*skakai	?
2nd singular	*skakizi	*skakaiz	*skak	*skakazai	*skakaizau
3rd singular	*skakidi	*skakai	*skakadau	*skakadai	*skakaidau
1st dual	*skakōz	*skakaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skakadiz	*skakaidiz	*skakadiz	—	—
1st plural	*skakamaz	*skakaim	—	*skakandai	*skakaindau
2nd plural	*skakid	*skakaid	*skakid	*skakandai	*skakaindau
3rd plural	*skakandi	*skakain	*skakandau	*skakandai	*skakaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skōk	*skōkį̄
2nd singular	*skōht	*skōkīz
3rd singular	*skōk	*skōkī
1st dual	*skōkū	*skōkīw
2nd dual	*skōkudiz	*skōkīdiz
1st plural	*skōkum	*skōkīm
2nd plural	*skōkud	*skōkīd
3rd plural	*skōkun	*skōkīn

	present	past
participles	*skakandz	*skakanaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skakan
- Old English: sċacan, sċeacan
  - Middle English: schaken
    - English: shake
    - Scots: schake, schaik, schack
- Old Frisian: skeka
  - >? Saterland Frisian: skädje
  - West Frisian: schaekjen, schaakje, schaekje (obsolete)
- Old Saxon: skakan
  - Middle Low German: *schaken
    - Low German: schaken
- Old Dutch: *skakan
  - Middle Dutch: schāken
    - Dutch: schaken
Old Norse: skaka (skakra)
- Icelandic: skaka
- Faroese: skaka
- Norwegian Nynorsk: skaka; (dialectal) skåkå, skøkø, skæka, skjeka
- Norwegian Bokmål: skake
- Old Swedish: skaka
  - Swedish: skaka
- Danish: skage

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “skakan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 438
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skakanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 332
^ Seebold, Elmar (1970) “SKAK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 404

[Kroonen-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “skakan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 438

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skakanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 332

[3] Seebold, Elmar (1970) “SKAK-A-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 404

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