Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spehōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *speḱ- (“to look”). Cognate with Latin speciō (“look, stare, behold”), Ancient Greek σκοπέω (skopéō, “I view, examine”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈspe.xɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*spehōną

to peer, look, spy

Inflection

Conjugation of *spehōną (weak class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*spehō	*spehǭ	—	*spehōi	?
2nd singular	*spehōsi	*spehōs	*spehō	*spehōsai	*spehōsau
3rd singular	*spehōþi	*spehō	*spehōþau	*spehōþai	*spehōþau
1st dual	*spehōs	*spehōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*spehōþiz	*spehōþiz	*spehōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*spehōmaz	*spehōm	—	*spehōnþai	*spehōnþau
2nd plural	*spehōþ	*spehōþ	*spehōþ	*spehōnþai	*spehōnþau
3rd plural	*spehōnþi	*spehōn	*spehōnþau	*spehōnþai	*spehōnþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*spehōdǭ	*spehōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*spehōdēz	*spehōdēdīz
3rd singular	*spehōdē	*spehōdēdī
1st dual	*spehōdēdū	*spehōdēdīw
2nd dual	*spehōdēdudiz	*spehōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*spehōdēdum	*spehōdēdīm
2nd plural	*spehōdēdud	*spehōdēdīd
3rd plural	*spehōdēdun	*spehōdēdīn

	present	past
participles	*spehōndz	*spehōdaz

Derived terms

Related terms

*spahōną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *spehōn
- Old Saxon: *spehōn
  - Middle Low German: spēgen, spējen, spēen, spēn
    - → Old Norse: speja, spæja
      - Icelandic: speja, spæja
      - Norwegian: speide
      - Swedish: speja
      - Danish: spejde
- Old Dutch: *spion
  - Middle Dutch: spien, spieden
    - Dutch: spieden
- Old High German: spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn (attested in derivative spihāri (“spy”))
  - Middle High German: spëhen, spēn, *spiehen (attested in derivative spieher (“spy”))
    - German: spähen
- → Vulgar Latin: *spiō (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*spexōjanan~*spaxōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 363

[Orel-1] Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*spexōjanan~*spaxōjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 363