Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/standaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however. The present stem is an n-infixed stem derived from the innovated past tense, Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈstɑn.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*standaną

to stand
Synonym: *stāną

Inflection

Present tense with n-infix. The past tense forms are shared with the synonymous suppletive verb *stāną.

Conjugation of *standaną (strong class 6)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*standō	*standaų	—	*standai	?
2nd singular	*standizi	*standaiz	*stand	*standazai	*standaizau
3rd singular	*standidi	*standai	*standadau	*standadai	*standaidau
1st dual	*standōz	*standaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*standadiz	*standaidiz	*standadiz	—	—
1st plural	*standamaz	*standaim	—	*standandai	*standaindau
2nd plural	*standid	*standaid	*standid	*standandai	*standaindau
3rd plural	*standandi	*standain	*standandau	*standandai	*standaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*stōþ	*stōdį̄
2nd singular	*stōst	*stōdīz
3rd singular	*stōþ	*stōdī
1st dual	*stōdū	*stōdīw
2nd dual	*stōdudiz	*stōdīdiz
1st plural	*stōdum	*stōdīm
2nd plural	*stōdud	*stōdīd
3rd plural	*stōdun	*stōdīn

	present	past
participles	*standandz	*stadanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *standan
- Old English: standan, stondan
  - Middle English: standen, stande, stonde, stonden
    - English: stand
      - → Ido: standar
      - → Norman: stanner, sténer
      - Sranan Tongo: tan
    - Scots: stand
    - Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane
- Old Frisian: standa, stonda
  - North Frisian: stun, stuun, stönje
  - Saterland Frisian: stounde
- Old Saxon: standan
  - Middle Low German: standen, *stenden (attested in imperative stant)
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: *bîstanden, bîstenden
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: entweistanden
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: standinge
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: ümmestanden
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: understanden
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: upstanden
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: vörstenden
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: wedderstanden
- Old Dutch: *standan
  - Middle Dutch: standen
    - Dutch: standen (archaic or dialectal)
- Old High German: stantan, standan
  - Middle High German: standen
    - German: standen (dialectal)
Old Norse: standa
- Icelandic: standa
- Faroese: standa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: stande, standa (non-standard since 2012), stå
- Old Swedish: standa
  - Swedish: stånda (poetic), stå
- Old Danish:
  - Danish: stande (poetic), stå
    - Norwegian Bokmål: stå
Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*standan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*standan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 473

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