Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/waldaną
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This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Kroonen supposes a back-formation from the preterite *wulþǭ (compare Old Norse past olla), which continues an extended aorist root, Pre-Proto-Germanic *h₂wl̥h₁-t-,[1] from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to rule, be strong”).
LIV² posits a *-dʰ-present *wélH-dʰe-ti to the root (there reconstructed as Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to be strong, hold sway”)), from which a Pre-Proto-Germanic iterative *we-wólH-dʰe-ti was derived, in which case it is close cognate to Lithuanian veldėti (“to inherit, possess, govern”) and Old Church Slavonic власти (vlasti, “to rule”).[2]
Pronunciation
Verb
*waldaną
- to rule
Inflection
Conjugation of *waldaną (strong class 7c)
The original preterite seems to have been weakly inflected like a preterite-present verb, as seen in Old Norse.
Conjugation of — (irregular, defective)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd singular | — | — | — | — | — |
| 3rd singular | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1st dual | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1st plural | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2nd plural | — | — | — | — | — |
| 3rd plural | — | — | — | — | — |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *wulþǭ | *wulþēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *wulþēz | *wulþēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *wulþē | *wulþēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *wulþēdū | *wulþēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *wulþēdudiz | *wulþēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *wulþēdum | *wulþēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *wulþēdud | *wulþēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *wulþēdun | *wulþēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | — | *wulþaz | |||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *waldan
- Old English: wealdan
- Old Frisian: walda (weak verb)
- Old Saxon: waldan
- Old Dutch: waldan
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: gewouden (strong verb)
- Old High German: waltan
- Old Norse: valda
- Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (waldan)
- → Proto-Finnic: *valdit'ak (see there for further descendants)
References
- ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*waldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 569
- ^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “1. *u̯elH-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 676-77