Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warkiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *werg- (“to suffer”); likely cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *wargás (“foe, enemy”), Lithuanian var̃gti (“to live in poverty, suffer hardship”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /wɑr.kiz/

Noun

*warkiz m

pain

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *warkiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*warkiz	*warkīz
vocative	*warki	*warkīz
accusative	*warkį	*warkinz
genitive	*warkīz	*warkijǫ̂
dative	*warkī	*warkimaz
instrumental	*warkī	*warkimiz

Derived terms

*warkijaną

Related terms

*werką

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *warki
- Old English: wærc, werc, weorc, wræc, wærċ
  - Middle English: werk, warch
    - Scots: wark, wrak
    - English: wark
- Old Saxon: werk n (“pain”) (conflated with descendant of Proto-West Germanic *werk)
Old Norse: verkr
- Icelandic: verkur
- Faroese: verkur
- Norwegian: verk
- Old Swedish: værker
  - Swedish: värk
- Danish: værk

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*warki-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 574-5

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*warki-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 574-5

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