Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wurkijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ǵyéti, from *werǵ-, whence also *werką and *wirkijaną.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈwur.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wurkijaną

to work, to do work
to make

Inflection

Conjugation of *wurkijaną (weak class 1 j-present)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*wurkijō	*wurkijaų	—	*wurkijai	?
2nd singular	*wurkīsi	*wurkijais	*wurkī	*wurkijasai	*wurkijaisau
3rd singular	*wurkīþi	*wurkijai	*wurkijaþau	*wurkijaþai	*wurkijaiþau
1st dual	*wurkijōs	*wurkijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wurkijaþiz	*wurkijaiþiz	*wurkijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*wurkijamaz	*wurkijaim	—	*wurkijanþai	*wurkijainþau
2nd plural	*wurkīþ	*wurkijaiþ	*wurkīþ	*wurkijanþai	*wurkijainþau
3rd plural	*wurkijanþi	*wurkijain	*wurkijanþau	*wurkijanþai	*wurkijainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wurhtǭ	*wurhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*wurhtēz	*wurhtēdīz
3rd singular	*wurhtē	*wurhtēdī
1st dual	*wurhtēdū	*wurhtēdīw
2nd dual	*wurhtēdudiz	*wurhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*wurhtēdum	*wurhtēdīm
2nd plural	*wurhtēdud	*wurhtēdīd
3rd plural	*wurhtēdun	*wurhtēdīn

	present	past
participles	*wurkijandz	*wurkidaz

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *wurkijan
- Old English: wyrċan
  - Middle English: werken, worken, worchen
    - English: work
- Old Frisian: werka
  - West Frisian: werke
- Old Saxon: workian, wurkian
- Old High German: wurken
  - Middle High German: werken, würken
Proto-Norse: ᚹᛟᚱᚨᚺᛏᛟ (worahto /⁠worᵃhtō⁠/), ᚹᚢᚱᛏᛖ (wurte /⁠wurtē⁠/), ᛟᚱᛏᛖ (orte /⁠ortē⁠/)
- Old Norse: yrkja
  - Icelandic: yrkja, orka
  - Faroese: yrkja, orka
  - Norwegian:
    - Norwegian Bokmål: yrke, orke
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: yrkja, yrke, orka, orke
  - Elfdalian: yrtja, uorka
  - Old Swedish: yrkia, orka
    - Swedish: yrka, orka
  - Old Danish: yrkæ, orkæ
    - Danish: ørke, orke
  - Old Gutnish: yrkia, orka
    - Gutnish: yrke, orke
  - → Middle English: irken
    - English: irk
Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰𐌽 (waurkjan)
⇒ Crimean Gothic: warthata
→? Proto-Finnic: *pürkidäk
→? Proto-Samic: *përkëtēk

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*wurkjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*wurkjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 600

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