Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰewgʰ-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰewgʰ-

1. to bend
2. curve, arch

Derived terms

• *bʰéwgʰ-e-ti (thematic present)
  • Proto-Germanic: *beuganą (see there for further descendants)

• *bʰowgʰ-éye-ti (éye-causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *baugijaną (see there for further descendants)

• *bʰugʰ-to-
  • Proto-Albanian: *bukta
    • Albanian: butë

• *bʰugʰ- (zero-grade root present)
  • >? Armenian: բուկ (buk) (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰáti, *bʰúǰas (seems to reflect *bʰewg-)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰuȷ́áti, *bʰúȷ́as
      • Sanskrit: भुजति (bhujáti), भुज (bhúja)
    • Proto-Iranian: *bʰuȷ́áti
      • Younger Avestan: 𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (δβaoγa, “bend”) (perhaps)

        Younger Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬞𐬌𐬜𐬡𐬀𐬊𐬖𐬀 (aⁱpiδβaoγa, “bending from behind”)

      • Khotanese: (nihujs, “to sink down, set”) (+ *ni- (“down”)); (haṃbujs, “to bow down”) (+ *ham- (“co-”))

• *bʰugʰ-eh₂-yé-ti (eh₂-denominal causative)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bъgati (“to bend”) (see there for further descendants)

• *bʰugʰ-néh₂-ti (iterative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *bukkōną (“to bend”)
    • ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bugô (“bow”) (see there for further descendants)

• *bʰu-né-gʰ- ~ *bʰu-n̥-gʰ-e-ti (nasal-infix present)
  • Proto-Celtic: *bungeti (see there for further descendants)

• *bʰéwgʰ-ti-s ~ *bʰugʰ-téy-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *buhtiz (“bend, arch, curve”) (< *bʰúktis) (see there for further descendants)
• *bʰowgʰ-o-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *baugaz (“bend”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰuǰás
    • Proto-Iranian: *bʰúȷ́ah
      • Baluchi: بوگ (bōg, “joint, knot”)

• • Proto-Slavic: *bugъ (“armillary”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: *baugāˀ
    • Latvian: buoga (“marshy place at a river”)
    • Proto-Slavic: *buga (“marsh, oxbow lake”)

• *bʰówgʰ-ro-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: baũgurs
    • Proto-Slavic: *bugrъ (see there for further descendants)

• >? *bʰowgʰ-ú-s
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: baugùs (“fearful, easily frightened”)
      • ⇒ Lithuanian: bū́gti (“to fear”) (sta-present)
    • ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *bugavъ (“mentally challenged”) (rare)

• *bʰugʰ-nó-s (“bent”)
  • >? Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰugnás (< *bʰewg-)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰugnás
      • Sanskrit: भुग्न (bhugná)

With metathesis *gʰewbʰ-:

• *gʰu-né-bʰ- ~ *gʰu-m-bʰ- (nasal-infix present)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: gubt
    • Lithuanian: gùbti

• *gʰubʰ-néw- ~ *gʰubʰ-nu- (nu-present)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *gъ(b)nǫti (see there for further descendants)

• *gʰowbʰ-eye- (causative/iterative)
  • Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *gubìti (see there for further descendants)

References