Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵerh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*gerH-, *ǵerh₂-

Etymology

Likely onomatopoeic. Compare *ǵeh₂r- (with which there is some confusion) Proto-Uralic *kurke (“crane”), Akkadian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurku), Sumerian 𒆳𒄄𒄷 (kurki).

Root

*gerh₂-

to cry hoarsely
crane

Usage notes

The widespread use of this root to mean "crane" is probably derived from its meaning "to cry hoarsely", based on the crane's characteristic cry. The crane lives all over Eurasia, and was obviously known by Proto-Indo-Europeans. The word, however, does not exist in Indo-Iranian, which may be due to a lot of names for animals and birds being borrowed from aboriginal languages of Asia in that branch.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gerh₂-‎ (17 c, 0 e)

*greh₂-ye-ti (ye-present with schwebeablaut)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grāˀtei
  - Lithuanian: gróti (“to caw, croak, howl, to roar, scold”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *grajati (“to caw, croak”) (see there for further descendants)
*gerh₂-ōw-s
*gerh₂-ḗn ~ *gr̥h₂-nés

Unsorted formations:
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: hungëroj
  - Albanian: nguroj (“to yell, howl”), ngurónj
- Balto-Slavic:
  - >? Lithuanian: gùrti
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *grati (“to play music”)
    - ⇒? Proto-Slavic: *grakъ (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *krēaną (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *krēǭ (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Middle Persian: *grī
      - → Old Armenian: գրէ (grē) ~ գրեայ (greay, “crane”)

Extensions

*greh₂-k-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *gràkati (“to caw, croak”), *gъrkati (“to coo”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *grakō
  - ⇒ Latin: grāc-ulus (“jackdaw”) (see there for further descendants)
*gerh₂-g-, *greh₂-g-
- >? Old Armenian: կարկաչ (karkačʻ)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: gìrgždėti (“to creak, squeak”)
- Proto-Germanic: *krakōną (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *krakǭ, *krakaz
    - Old Norse: kráka, krákr (“crow, raven”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gárǰati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gárȷ́ati
    - Sanskrit: गर्जति (gárjati) (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2272: “*gerH-”
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grūs, -uis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274
^ Proto-Indo-European Roots Database
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “groti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grajati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 185–186
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “grē or greay”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 228
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grakati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 186
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grāculus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

[1] Kölligan, Daniel (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European, page 2272: “*gerH-”

[EDL-2] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grūs, -uis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 274

[3] Proto-Indo-European Roots Database

[4] Derksen, Rick (2015) “groti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 190

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grajati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 185–186

[6] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “grē or greay”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 228

[7] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grakati”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, page 186

[8] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “grāculus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 268

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gerh₂-

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