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Clear cognates are found only in Italo-Celtic, Balto-Slavic and Germanic, which may point to an old European substrate
word, geographically confined to the west and center of the IE world.
Persianتوده(tôda, “masses; heap; stack, hill, rick, tumulus”) and its Iranian cognates are sometimes considered descendants, but the semantic divergence is difficult to reconcile.
The supposed Hittite cognate 𒌅𒍖𒍣𒅖(tuzziš, “army; camp”) with the semantic shift "people" > "army" > "camp" has been criticized to be unlikely (the normal development would be "camp" > "army"). Kloekhorst furthermore argues that the Hittite word can formally only reflect an i-stem tewt-i-, and finally endorses an alternative etymology proposed by Melchert, from PIE *dʰh₁-uti-.
Often a derivation from either of the roots *tewh₂-(“to be strong; swell”) (referring to the strength of community) and *tewH-(“to look favorably; protect; observe”) + *-téh₂ is considered, but the presence of a laryngeal renders that suspect.