Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/wekʷ-

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

    Root

    *wekʷ- (imperfective)[1][2][3]

    1. to speak, to sound out

    Derived terms

    Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *wekʷ- (38 c, 0 e)
    • *wókʷ-e-ti (o-grade root thematic present)[2]
      • Proto-Germanic: *gawahwaną (“to mention”) (or denominative from *wahna- ?[3]) (see there for further descendants)
    • *wókʷ-ye-ti (o-grade root ye-present)[4]
      • Proto-Armenian:
        • Old Armenian: գոչեմ (gočʻem, “to cry out”)
    • *wí-wekʷ-ti ~ *wí-wk-n̥ti (i-reduplicated root present)
    • *we-wókʷ-e ~ *we-wkʷ-ḗr (reduplicated stative)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wawā́ča (see there for further descendants)
    • *wé-wk-e-t (reduplicated thematic aorist)[5]
    • *wṓkʷ-s
    • *wékʷ-os ~ *wékʷ-es-os
      • Proto-Celtic: *wekʷos (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *wékʷos
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *wáčas (see there for further descendants)
    • *wékʷ-ti-s ~ *ukʷ-téy-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktíš (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *wektís
        • Proto-Slavic: *veťь (“thing”) (see there for further descendants)
      • >? Proto-Germanic: *wihtiz (“being”) (see there for further descendants)
    • *wokʷ-tló-m
    • *wókʷ-to-s
    • *wokʷ-smn̥
    • *wokʷ-yeh₂
    • *ukʷ-tó-s
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *uktás (see there for further descendants)
    • *h₁weru-wokʷ-, *h₁uru-wkʷ- (“far-sounding”)
    Unsorted formations
    • Proto-Albanian:
    • Proto-Anatolian:
      • Hittite: (huek-), (huk-, “to conjure, swear”)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • Old Prussian: enwackē (“they call”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
      • Proto-Iranian:
        • ⇒ Northern Kurdish: bang (“call”)[6]
        • ⇒ Northern Kurdish: deng (“voice”)
        • ⇒ Northern Kurdish: gotin (“to say”), -bêj-

    References

    1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*wahan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 565-566
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*u̯eku̯-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 673-674
    4. ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 225
    5. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
    6. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 404
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