Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥
Hello, you have come here looking for the meaning of the word Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥ in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥ you have here. The definition of the word Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥ will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition ofReconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
 |
This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
Etymology
From *(H)yekʷ- (“liver”) + *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).
Noun
*yókʷr̥ n
Inflection
Older acrostatic pattern:
| Athematic, acrostatic | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | collective | |||
| nominative | *yókʷr̥ | *yékʷōr | ||
| genitive | *yékʷn̥s | *ikʷnés | ||
| singular | dual | plural | collective | |
| nominative | *yókʷr̥ | — | — | *yékʷōr |
| vocative | *yókʷr̥ | — | — | *yékʷōr |
| accusative | *yókʷr̥ | — | — | *yékʷōr |
| genitive | *yékʷn̥s | — | — | *ikʷnés |
| ablative | *yékʷn̥s | — | — | *ikʷnés |
| dative | *yékʷney | — | — | *ikʷnéy |
| locative | *yékʷn̥, *yékʷni | — | — | *ikʷén, *ikʷéni |
| instrumental | *yékʷn̥h₁ | — | — | *ikʷnéh₁ |
Later proterokinetic pattern:
| Athematic, proterokinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | |||
| nominative | *yékʷr̥ | ||
| genitive | *ikʷéns | ||
| singular | dual | plural | |
| nominative | *yékʷr̥ | *yékʷrih₁ | *yékʷr̥h₂ |
| vocative | *yékʷr̥ | *yékʷrih₁ | *yékʷr̥h₂ |
| accusative | *yékʷr̥ | *yékʷrih₁ | *yékʷr̥h₂ |
| genitive | *ikʷéns | *? | *ikʷénoHom |
| ablative | *ikʷéns | *? | *ikʷénmos, *ikʷénbʰos |
| dative | *ikʷéney | *? | *ikʷénmos, *ikʷénbʰos |
| locative | *ikʷén, *ikʷéni | *? | *ikʷénsu |
| instrumental | *ikʷénh₁ | *? | *ikʷénmis, *ikʷénbʰis |
Reconstruction notes
The reconstruction and its inflection are highly uncertain. A dozen alternative proposals are listed in NIL.[1] Only a few are given below.
Alternative reconstructions
- *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *ikʷ-n-és ~ *yokʷ-én(-i)[2]
- *yékʷ-r̥ ~ ikʷ-én-s[3]
- *Hyḗkʷ-r̥ ~ *Hyékʷ-n̥-s[4]
- *yékʷ-r̥ ~ *yokʷ-én-s[5]
Derived terms
Descendants
- Proto-Anatolian: *yékʷr̥ ~ *ikʷanós
- Luwian: (ikkwar /ik-ku-wa-a/)[8]
- Proto-Armenian:
- Proto-Celtic: *ikʷūr (< *yékʷōr (collective))[1]
- Middle Irish: iuchair (“roe”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *yêkʷər[1]
- Ancient Greek: ἧπαρ (hêpar) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yákr̥ ~ *yaknás[10] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *jekʷor[11]
- Proto-Tocharian: *yäkʷär[12]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 392-94
- ^ Rix, Helmut (1965) “Lat. iecur, iocineris”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 18, pages 79–92
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13 and 45
- ^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European Acrostatic Inflection Reconsidered”, in Norbert Oettinger & Thomas Steer, editors, Das Nomen im Indogermanischen, Wiesbade: Reichert Verlag, pages 140–163
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “jьkrà, ; jьkro”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “ikras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
- ^ Sasseville, David (2020) Anatolian verbal stem formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 562
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “leard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill
- ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “Sanskrit: jákr-/jakn-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 609-10
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iecur”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 296: “PIt. *jekʷor [n.], *jekʷen-”
- ^ Itkin, Ilya B. (2022) “On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning ‘spleen’ and ‘liver’”, in Journal of Language Relationship, volume 20, number 3, pages 177–180