Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/yókʷr̥

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *(H)yekʷ- (“liver”) +‎ *-r̥ (r/n-stem suffix).

Noun

*yókʷr̥

liver

Inflection

Older acrostatic pattern:

Athematic, acrostatic
	singular	collective
nominative	*yókʷr̥	*yékʷōr
genitive	*yékʷn̥s	*ikʷnés
	singular	dual	plural	collective
nominative	*yókʷr̥	—	—	*yékʷōr
vocative	*yókʷr̥	—	—	*yékʷōr
accusative	*yókʷr̥	—	—	*yékʷōr
genitive	*yékʷn̥s	—	—	*ikʷnés
ablative	*yékʷn̥s	—	—	*ikʷnés
dative	*yékʷney	—	—	*ikʷnéy
locative	yékʷn̥, yékʷni	—	—	ikʷén, ikʷéni
instrumental	*yékʷn̥h₁	—	—	*ikʷnéh₁

Later proterokinetic pattern:

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*yékʷr̥
genitive	*ikʷéns
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*yékʷr̥	*yékʷrih₁	*yékʷr̥h₂
vocative	*yékʷr̥	*yékʷrih₁	*yékʷr̥h₂
accusative	*yékʷr̥	*yékʷrih₁	*yékʷr̥h₂
genitive	*ikʷéns	*?	*ikʷénoHom
ablative	*ikʷéns	*?	*ikʷénmos
dative	*ikʷéney	*?	*ikʷénmos
locative	ikʷén, ikʷéni	*?	*ikʷénsu
instrumental	*ikʷénh₁	*?	*ikʷénmis

Reconstruction notes

The reconstruction and its inflection are highly uncertain. A dozen alternative proposals are listed in NIL. Only a few are given below.

Alternative reconstructions

*yékʷ-r̥ ~ *ikʷ-n-és ~ *yokʷ-én(-i)
*yékʷ-r̥ ~ ikʷ-én-s
*Hyḗkʷ-r̥ ~ *Hyékʷ-n̥-s
*yékʷ-r̥ ~ *yokʷ-én-s

Derived terms

*ikʷr-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ikrā́ˀ (“roe; calf”), *ikra (see there for further descendants)
*yokʷn-éh₂, *yekʷn-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *jaknā́ˀ, *jeknā́ˀ (“liver”)
  - Latgalian: oknys pl
  - Latvian: aknas pl, jęknas pl (dialect form)
  - Lithuanian: jãknos pl, jẽknos pl
  - Old Prussian: lagno (erroneous for *jagno)

Descendants

Proto-Anatolian: *yékʷr̥ ~ *ikʷanós
- Luwian: (ikkwar /⁠ik-ku-wa-a⁠/)
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: լեարդ (leard) (unexplained initial l-) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *ikʷūr (< *yékʷōr (collective))
- Middle Irish: iuchair (“roe”)
Proto-Hellenic: *yêkʷər
- Ancient Greek: ἧπαρ (hêpar) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *yákr̥ ~ *yaknás (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *jekʷor
- Latin: iecur, iocur (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *yäkʷär
- Tocharian A: ykär
- Tocharian B: yakär

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 392-94
^ Rix, Helmut (1965) “Lat. iecur, iocineris”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 18, pages 79–92
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13 and 45
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European Acrostatic Inflection Reconsidered”, in Norbert Oettinger & Thomas Steer, editors, Das Nomen im Indogermanischen, Wiesbade: Reichert Verlag, pages 140–163
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “jьkrà, ; jьkro”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “ikras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Sasseville, David (2020) Anatolian verbal stem formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 562
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “leard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill
^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “Sanskrit: jákr-/jakn-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 609-10
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iecur”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 296: “PIt. *jekʷor [n.], *jekʷen-”
^ Itkin, Ilya B. (2022) “On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning ‘spleen’ and ‘liver’”, in Journal of Language Relationship, volume 20, number 3, pages 177–180

[NIL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 392-94

[2] Rix, Helmut (1965) “Lat. iecur, iocineris”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft [Munich Studies in Linguistics], volume 18, pages 79–92

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company

[4] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 13 and 45

[5] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2014) “The Proto-Indo-European Acrostatic Inflection Reconsidered”, in Norbert Oettinger & Thomas Steer, editors, Das Nomen im Indogermanischen, Wiesbade: Reichert Verlag, pages 140–163

[6] Derksen, Rick (2008) “jьkrà, ; jьkro”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN

[7] Derksen, Rick (2015) “ikras”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[8] Sasseville, David (2020) Anatolian verbal stem formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 562

[9] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “leard”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill

[10] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “Sanskrit: jákr-/jakn-”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University, pages 609-10

[11] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “iecur”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 296: “PIt. *jekʷor [n.], *jekʷen-”

[12] Itkin, Ilya B. (2022) “On Tocharian A cognates of the Tocharian B words meaning ‘spleen’ and ‘liver’”, in Journal of Language Relationship, volume 20, number 3, pages 177–180