Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/-kas
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This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-Iranian
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *-kos.
Suffix
*-kas
- Creates deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to.
Usage notes
Primary *-kas suffixes are attached directly to a verbal or nominal root. Secondary *-kas suffixes are attached to 1sg. stems in Proto-Indo-Aryan and 1pl. and 2pl. stems in Proto-Iranian.
In Old Persian, the suffix frequently occurs in proper nouns, ethnonyms and toponyms. In Avestan it is often used in imprecatory, pejorative, or affective and familiar contexts.
It is highly productive in Middle Indo-Aryan as a general noun suffix.
Inflection
| Thematic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-kas | *-kaH | |
| genitive | *-kasya | *-kaHs | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-kas | *-kaH | *-kās |
| vocative | *-ka | *-kaH | *-kās |
| accusative | *-kam | *-kaH | *-kans |
| genitive | *-kasya | *? | *-kām |
| ablative | *-kāt | *? | *-kamas |
| dative | *-kāy | *? | *-kamas |
| locative | *-kay | *? | *-kayšu |
| instrumental | *-kaH | *? | *-kāš |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-kaH | *-kaH(a) | *-kaHas |
| vocative | *-kaH | *-kaH(a) | *-kaHas |
| accusative | *-kaHa | *-kaH(a) | *-kaHas |
| genitive | *-kaHs | *? | *-kaHaHam |
| ablative | *-kaHs | *? | *-kaHmas |
| dative | *-kaHay | *? | *-kaHmas |
| locative | *-kaH, *-kaHi | *? | *-kaHsu |
| instrumental | *-kaHH | *? | *-kaHbʰi |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-kam | *-kay(H) | *-kaH |
| vocative | *-kam | *-kay(H) | *-kaH |
| accusative | *-kam | *-kay(H) | *-kaH |
| genitive | *-kasya | *? | *-kām |
| ablative | *-kāt | *? | *-kamas |
| dative | *-kāy | *? | *-kamas |
| locative | *-kay | *? | *-kayšu |
| instrumental | *-kaH | *? | *-kāš |
Derived terms
- *-akas (< *-a- (thematic vowel) + -kas)
- *-kasas, *-ćasas
- *-ikas
Descendants
References
- Jamison, Stephanie W. (2009) “Sociolinguistic Remarks on the Indo-Iranian *-ka-Suffix: A Marker of Colloquial Register”, in Indo-Iranian Journal, volume 52, number 2, Leiden: Leiden University, pages 311-329
- Ciancaglini, Claudia (2012) “Outcomes of the Indo-Iranian suffix *-ka- in Old Persian and Avestan”, in DARIOSH Studies II. Persepolis and his Settlements. Territorial System and Ideology in the Achaemenid State, Napoli: Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", page 91