Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰrúkš

This Proto-Indo-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-Iranian

Etymology

Leveled from earlier *dʰráwkš ~ *dʰruǰʰás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰréwgʰ-s ~ *dʰrugʰ-és, from *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive, mislead”) +‎ *-s.^[1]

Noun

*dʰrúkš f

lie, falsehood, deceit
injury, harm

Inflection

consonant stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš
vocative	*dʰrúǰʰ	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš
accusative	*dʰrúǰʰám	*dʰrúkš	*dʰrúkš
instrumental	*dʰrúǰʰáH	*dʰrúgbʰyaH	*dʰrúgbʰiš
ablative	*dʰrúǰʰás	*dʰrúgbʰyaH	*dʰrúgbʰyaH
dative	*dʰrúǰʰáy	*dʰrúgbʰyaH	*dʰrúgbʰyaH
genitive	*dʰrúǰʰás	*dʰrúǰʰáwš	*dʰrúǰʰām
locative	*dʰrúǰʰí	*dʰrúǰʰáwš	*dʰrúkšu

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Aryan: *dʰrúk ~ *druźʰás
- Sanskrit: द्रुह् (drúh), ध्रुक् (dhrúk, nom.sg)^[2]
Proto-Iranian: *drúxš ~ *druǰáh
- Old Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱 (druxš, nom.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋 (drujō, gen.abl.sg)
  - → English: druj
- Younger Avestan: 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬑𐬱 (druxš, nom.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬆𐬨 (drujəm, acc.sg), 𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬘𐬋 (drujō, gen.abl.sg; nom.pl), 𐬀𐬛𐬭𐬎𐬲𐬄𐬨 (adružąm, gen.pl)^[3]
  - → Middle Persian: (/⁠druz, druxš⁠/, “demon; she-demon (in Manichaean)”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢 (drwxš) (Only in Manichaean texts)
    
    Book Pahlavi script: (dlwc')
    
    Pazend script: 𐬛𐬭𐬏𐬲 (drūž)
    - Classical Persian: درج (duruǰ, “demone”) (Only in Zoroastrian texts)
      Iranian Persian: دروج (dorūǰ, “Druj”)
  - → Parthian: (/⁠drōž ~ druž, druxš⁠/, “demon; she-demon (in Manichaean)”)
    Manichaean script: 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫋 (drwj), 𐫅𐫡𐫇𐫟𐫢 (drwxš)
  Central Kurdish: درنج (dirinc, “demon, demone; monster”)

References

^ Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “drogh”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰrúkš”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 502.
^ Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 47

[IAIL-1] Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “drogh”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University

[MW-Drúh-2] Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-Iranian/dʰrúkš”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 502.

[3] Martínez García, Javier, de Vaan, Michiel (2014) Introduction to Avestan (Brill Introductions to Indo-European Languages; 1)‎, Brill, →ISBN, page 47

[1]

[2]

[3]