Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/hwatah

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From *hwa- (“self”) +‎ *-tah (ablatival suffix). Compare Sanskrit स्वतस् (svatas), which could be an independent formation given its late attestation.

Adverb

*hwatah

by oneself

Reconstruction notes

Often an adjective is reconstructed, but Avestan 𐬓𐬀𐬙𐬋 (xᵛatō) is indeclinable.

Descendants

Central Iranian:
- Younger Avestan: 𐬓𐬀𐬙𐬋 (xᵛatō)
Northeastern Iranian:
- Proto-Scythian:
  - Proto-Saka-Wakhi:
    - Khotanese: (hvatä)
    - Wakhi: x̌at
  - Ossetian: (+ *-akah?)
    Digor Ossetian: хуӕдӕг (xwædæg)
    
    Iron Ossetian: хӕдӕг (xædæg)
- Sogdo-Bactrian:
  - Bactrian: χοαδο (khoado /⁠xwad⁠/)
  - Khwarezmian: (xdʾk) (+ *-akah?)
  - Proto-Sogdic:
    - Sogdian: (/⁠xwatē, xutē, xuti, xətu, xwaδ(ē)⁠/)
      Sogdian script: (γwty), (xwty)
      
      Manichaean script: 𐫄𐫇𐫤𐫏 (ɣwty), 𐫟𐫤𐫇 (xtw), 𐫟𐫇𐫤𐫏 (xwty)
      
      Syriac script: ݎܘܕܝ (xwdy), ݎܘܬܝ (xwty) ݎܘܕ (xwd)
    - Yagnobi: хват (xwat), хал (xal)
Northwestern Iranian:
- Baluchi: وت (wat)
- Kurdish:
  Northern Kurdish: xwe
  
  Central Kurdish: خۆ (xo), خوە (xwe)
  
  Southern Kurdish: خوە (xwe)
  - → Zazaki: xo
- Medo-Parthian:
  - Old Azari: خذ (xaδ), خد (xad)
  - Parthian: (/⁠wxad, waxd. uxd⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫇𐫟𐫅 (wxd)
    
    Inscriptional Parthian script: 𐭁𐭍𐭐𐭔𐭇 (BNPŠE)
Southwestern Iranian:
- Old Persian: *hvatah
  - Middle Persian: (/⁠xwad⁠/)
    Manichaean script: 𐫟𐫇𐫅 (xwd)
    Book Pahlavi script: (BNPŠE), (xwt')
    Inscriptional Pahlavi script: 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (BNPŠE)
    Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮁𐮌𐮎𐮐𐮇 (BNPŠE)
    Pazend script: 𐬓𐬆𐬛 (xᵛəd)
    - Lurish:
      Northern Luri: خؤ (xo)
      Bakhtiari: خو (xo)
    - Classical Persian: خود (xwad) (see there for further descendants)
      Dari: خود (xud)
      Iranian Persian: خود (xod)
      Tajik: худ (xud)
    - → Parthian: 𐫟𐫇𐫔𐫀 (xwδʾ /⁠xwaδ⁠/)

References

^ Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 584: “*su̯atas”
^ Bailey, H. W. (1979) “hvatä 'of oneself, itself'”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 502
^ Sims-Williams, Nicholas ((Can we date this quote?)) “χοαδο”, in Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 231
^ Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423: “*hu̯ata-h”
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2014) Historical Phonology of Yaghnōbī and Sogdian, Prague: National Museum / Charles University, →DOI, page 8: “*hu̯ata-”
^ Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner: “Adv. 'von selbst, aus sich, aus freien Stücken'”
^ Gharib, B. (1995) “xwty”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 440: “adv.”

[1] Sadovski, Velizar (2017–2018) “Chapter VI: Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft ; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Iranian, page 584: “*su̯atas”

[2] Bailey, H. W. (1979) “hvatä 'of oneself, itself'”, in Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 502

[3] Sims-Williams, Nicholas ((Can we date this quote?)) “χοαδο”, in Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 231

[4] Rastorgujeva, V. S., Edelʹman, D. I. (2000–) “*h(u)u̯a- > *xᵛa-”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov (in Russian), Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page 423: “*hu̯ata-h”

[5] Novák, Ľubomír (2014) Historical Phonology of Yaghnōbī and Sogdian, Prague: National Museum / Charles University, →DOI, page 8: “*hu̯ata-”

[6] Bartholomae, Christian (1904) Altiranisches Wörterbuch (in German), Strassburg: K. J. Trübner: “Adv. 'von selbst, aus sich, aus freien Stücken'”

[7] Gharib, B. (1995) “xwty”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 440: “adv.”